ASHI 712. The Neuroscience of Human Memory. Dr. Olave E. Krigolson LECTURE 2: Short Term Memory and Sleep and Memory

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1 ASHI 712 The Neuroscience of Human Memory Dr. Olave E. Krigolson LECTURE 2: Short Term Memory and Sleep and Memory

2 Working / Short Term Memory

3 Sunglasses Chair Dress Earrings Boots Bed Counter Shower Floor Shoes Desk

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5 What is the average of the following numbers?

6 x = å x n x

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10 Rehearsal Sensory Input Short Term Memory Transfer (Encoding/ Consolidation) Recall Long Term Memory Displaced Information Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968

11 Transfer from short term to long term memory

12 Rehearsal (well, sort of ACTIVE REHEARSAL)

13 Depth of Processing Percent recall Font Rhyme Sentence

14 Relevance to Self

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19 Accuracy RT Brain

20 Think of meeting someone at a party... Do you have a better chance of remembering their name if you are introduced or if you have a conversation?

21 Working Memory

22 Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuo-spatial Sketchpad Baddeley & Hitch, 1974

23 maintains visual and spatial memories Visuo-spatial Sketchpad Baddeley & Hitch, 1974

24 maintains auditory memories Phonological Loop Baddeley & Hitch, 1974

25 Central Executive add / delete items from working memory selecting from items recall from long term memory transfer to long term memory Baddeley & Hitch, 1974

26 The model defines important features: 1) Manipulation requires central executive 2) Rehearsal independent of central executive 3) The model is modality specific

27 What was that list of words?

28 Sunglasses Chair Dress Earrings Boots Bed Counter Shower Floor Shoes Desk

29 Central Executive control of working memory setting goals and planning task switching stimulus response selection (inhibition)

30 Updating Working Memory The n back task

31 Target = 4

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47 Setting Goals and Planning The Towers of Hanoi

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49 Task Switching The Wisconsin Card Sort Task

50 Rule: Shape

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58 Rule: Colour

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67 Rule: Shape

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73 Stimulus Response Selection The Stroop Task

74 Recite the colour of the words you see

75 Green

76 Red

77 Yellow

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79 Red

80 Green

81 Blue

82 Green

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84 Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuo-spatial Sketchpad Baddeley & Hitch, 1974

85 Why a central executive? Speed of reasoning by concurrent digit load Reasoning time (seconds) Concurrent digit load Reasoning time Baddeley (1986)

86 4-Component Model of Working Memory Central Executive Visuospatial Sketchpad Episodic Buffer Phonological Loop Episodic LTM

87 Rehearsal Sensory Input Short Term Memory Transfer (Encoding/ Consolidation) Recall Long Term Memory Displaced Information Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968

88 Three famous studies in memory

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90 Rapid forgetting: Distraction Peterson & Peterson (1958) Recall of three consonants Percent correct recall Retention interval (sec)

91 Interpretation of Peterson Memory loss in STM is the result of decay; the memory trace decays without rehearsal STM different than long-term because it was believed that forgetting in long-term memory results from interference 91

92 Primacy and Recency Percentage correct recall Immediate Delayed Serial position Craik, 1970

93 Neural Basis of WM

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95 Orbitofrontal Cortex

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99 Phineas Gage

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103 Mechanisms for Working Memory

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113 Sample What-Then-Where Task What Delay Test Array Where Delay Choice 4 objects and 4 locations were used

114 'What" Delay Activity in PF Cortex: Single Cell 100 'What' Delay 'Where' Delay 90 Spikes per second Sample A 30 Sample B Time from sample onset (msec)

115 Working Memory DLPFC is implicated in working memory in both monkeys and humans Sensory areas are also implicated in working memory in both monkeys and humans Working memory is an ACTIVE process Domain-specificity of responses

116 Central Executive Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

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118 Phonological Loop Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Central Executive Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

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120 Phonological Loop Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Anterior: Semantic Posterior: Phonological Central Executive Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

121 Central Executive Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Phonological Loop Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Visuospatial Sketchpad Right Ventrolateral Prefrontal

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127 Sleep and Memory

128 Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 and 4 REM Light Sleep Eye movements stop, change in brain activity Deep Sleep Rapid Eye Movement

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