Contents Definition and History of ADHD Causative Factors

Transcription

1 1 Definition and History of ADHD Brain Damage Syndromes Alternative Terms for ADHD Evolution of Present Concept of ADHD Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD Subtypes Further Diagnostic Criteria ADHD, a Continuum or Medical Syndrome ADHD, a Medical Deficit or Social Deviance Prevalence of ADHD and Gender Factor Age of Onset of ADHD Summary References Causative Factors Etiological Classification Evidence for a Neurological Basis for ADHD Role of Genetic Factors in Etiology of ADHD Chromosomal Anomalies Associated with ADHD Molecular Genetic Studies Environmental Factors in Etiology Role of Adverse Home and School Environments ADHD in Adopted Children Biochemical Basis for ADHD Infectious Causes of ADHD Perinatal and Early-Life Risk Factors Postnatal Risk Factors Head Injury as a Cause of ADHD and Learning Disorders Hypoglycemia and ADHD Role of Sugar and Other Dietary Factors in ADHD Feingold Theory of Food Additives as a Cause of ADHD Role of Food Allergy in ADHD Iron Deficiency and ADHD Role of Zinc in ADHD xi

2 xii Iodine Deficiency, Thyroid Function and ADHD Lead Exposure as a Cause of ADHD Cocaine-Exposed Infants at Risk of ADHD Fetal Exposure to Alcohol, Marijuana, or Cigarettes and Increased Risk of ADHD PCBs and Other Environmental Toxins as Potential Causes of ADHD. 24 Role of Diet During Infancy in the Cause of ADHD Summary References Symptoms and Signs of ADHD Occasional Inattentiveness or an Attention Deficit Disorder? Measurement of Attention When Is Hyperactivity Abnormal? Devices Used to Measure Motor Activity Subtle or Soft Neurological Signs Developmental Coordination Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Relation Between Motor Performance and ADHD Summary References Diagnosis and Laboratory Tests Significance of History and Examination Questions Asked of Parent in Making ADHD Diagnosis Physical and Neurological Examinations Indications for an EEG in Children with ADHD Indications for an MRI or CT Scan in a Child with ADHD Blood Tests Sometimes Indicated in ADHD Indications for Electrocardiogram and/or Cardiac Consult Tests of Research Interest Only Early Risk Factors for a Diagnosis of ADHD in Childhood Summary References Oppositional, Conduct, and Other ADHD Comorbid Disorders.. 47 Oppositional Defiant Disorder Conduct Disorder Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Children with ADHD Relation Between Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorders and ADHD Factors That Predispose to Conduct Disorders in Children with ADHD

3 xiii Influence of an Adverse Family Environment on ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Childhood Conduct Disorder and Adult Criminality Relation of Mood and Anxiety Disorders to ADHD ADHD and Drug Abuse Disorders in Adolescents Effect of Stimulant Treatment on Risk of Drug Abuse ADHD and Drug Abuse in Adults Compared to Adolescents Risk of ADHD Persistence into Adolescence ADHD and Risk of Early Cigarette Smoking Neurological Basis for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Other Comorbid Disorders Associated with ADHD Asperger s Disorder (299.80) and ADHD Sleep Disorders and ADHD Summary References Learning and Language Disorders Definitions of Dyslexia Early Signs of Dyslexia The Genetic Factor in Reading Disability Evidence for a Neuroanatomical Basis for Dyslexia Brain Imaging Scanners Used in Dyslexia Research Brain Activation During Reading Evidence for a Visual Pathway Disorder in Dyslexics Articulatory Feedback and Disconnection Theories of Dyslexia Selection of Reading Remediation Methods for Dyslexics Alternative Methods of Reading Remediation Computer-Based Language Exercises Dietary and Pharmacological Therapies Prognosis of Developmental Dyslexia Writing and Arithmetic Learning Disorders Influence of Gender on Attention and Learning Ability Speech and Language Disorders Normal Development of Speech and Language Signs of Language Delay Types of Aphasia and Their Treatment Methods of Treatment of Aphasia Summary References Tics, Tourette Syndrome, Seizures, and Headaches Tics and Tourette Syndome Prevalence of Tourette Syndrome Causes of Tics and Tourette Syndrome Genetics of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders Structural Brain Abnormalities and Tourette Syndrome

4 xiv Relation of Streptococcal Infection to Tics and OCD Evidence for Encephalitis as a Cause of Tourette Syndrome Tourette Syndrome and Risk of Learning Disabilities Bipolar Disorder and Tourette Syndrome Treatment of Tourette Syndrome Complicating ADHD Seizures and ADHD Epilepsies Comorbid with ADHD in Children Prevalence and Significance of EEG Abnormalities with ADHD.. 85 Stimulant Therapy in Comorbid Epilepsy/ADHD Epileptiform EEG and Transient Cognitive Deficit Cognitive Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs EEG Localization, Epilepsy, and Learning Disability Prevalence of ADHD in Children with Epilepsy Behavior Disorders as a Form of Epilepsy Headache Disorders and ADHD Classification of Headaches Prevalence of Headache in Children Classifications of Headache Diagnoses Compared Diagnostic Modifications for Pediatric Migraine Indications for MRI or CT in Children with Headaches Treatment of Headaches with ADHD Psychological Interventions in Management of Headaches Summary References Methods of Management of ADHD American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guidelines Principal Forms of Therapy of ADHD Roles of the Psychologist and Psychiatrist in the Management of the Child with ADHD Physician s Role in Helping the Parents to Understand and Deal with the Problem of ADHD Useful Advice for Parents in Management of ADHD Motivational Techniques Emphasized in Parent Counseling and Training Sessions The Child s Involvement in Management of ADHD Behavior Modification Therapy: Methods and Results The Role of the Teacher and School System in the Management of ADHD Federal Laws Relating to Educational Rights of Children with ADHD Classroom Accommodations for Children with ADHD and Learning Disorders Public School Special Education Placements for Children with ADHD

5 xv Professional Support Services in Public Schools Indications for a Private or Therapeutic School Education for Children with ADHD Role of the Tutor in the Education of the Child with ADHD Resource Groups and Associations Available to Parents for Information on ADHD and Learning Disabilities Summary References Medications for ADHD Stimulant Medications Recommended for Treatment of ADHD Paradoxical Calming Effect of Stimulant Medications Specific Benefits of Stimulant Medication in ADHD ADHD Patients Most Likely to Respond to Stimulant Medication Creativity and Flexibility of Thinking During Treatment with Methylphenidate Relation of the Dose of Methylphenidate to the Response of ADHD Symptoms Twice Daily Versus Three Times Daily MPH Dose Schedule Safety and Effectiveness of Methylphenidate in Preschool Children with ADHD MPH Effectiveness in ADHD Adolescents Child s Perspective of Stimulant Medication and Its Effect on Peer Relations Duration of Action of Immediate-Release and Extended-Release Formulations of Stimulant Medications for ADHD Immediate-Release MPH Formulations Intermediate-Release MPH Formulations Extended-Release MPH Formulations Amphetamine and Other Stimulants Duration of Treatment with Stimulant Medication Long-Term Usage of Stimulants and Outcome of ADHD Continuity of Therapy with Immediate-Release cf Extended-Release Methylphenidate Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA) Prolonged Usage of MPH Through Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Risks of Motor Vehicle Accidents Related to ADHD Side Effects of Stimulant Medications Side Effects of Methylphenidate and Their Prevalence Effect of Medication on Growth of Children with ADHD Obesity in Children Untreated for ADHD Mood Changes Sometimes Associated with MPH and Their Avoidance

6 xvi Management of Tics Developing During Stimulant Therapy for ADHD Behavioral Rebound Associated with MPH Treatment for ADHD Methylphenidate and Exacerbation of Seizures Unusual Side Effects of Methylphenidate and Other Stimulants Alternative Medications to Stimulants Indications for the Nonstimulant, Atomoxetine (Strattera R ), Usage, and Side Effects Long-Term Effects of Strattera R on Growth and Blood Pressure in Children with ADHD Dopamine Transporter DAT1 Genotype and Response to Atomoxetine cf Methylphenidate Indications for Clonidine or Guanfacine in ADHD Adverse Effects of Clonidine Guidelines for Use of Clonidine in Treating ADHD Well-Tried Stimulant Medications Versus Novel Less-Established Remedies for ADHD Summary References Dietary and Alternative Therapies Reasons Why Parents May Be Convinced of Benefits from Scientifically Unproven Treatments Diets and Diet Supplements Advocated in the Treatment and Prevention of ADHD and Learning Disorders Evidence for and Against a Sugar-Restricted Diet for ADHD Effects of Aspartame and Diet Sodas in ADHD Children Current Medical Opinion of the Additive and Salicylate-Free Diet in ADHD Foods Omitted and Foods Permitted in the Feingold, Additive-Free Diet for ADHD Oligoantigenic Diet for ADHD Food Antigen Desensitization Calming Effect of the Ketogenic Diet in Children with ADHD and Epilepsy Omega-3 Fatty Acids in ADHD and Dyslexia Orthomolecular and Megavitamin Therapy for ADHD and Learning Disorders Mineral and Trace Element Treatment of ADHD Zinc Deficiency and ADHD Iron Deficiency and ADHD Electroencephalographic Biofeedback (Neurotherapy) in the Treatment of ADHD Vestibular and Sensory Integrative Therapy for ADHD Central Auditory Evaluation and Training in ADHD

7 xvii Scientific Basis for Music in Facilitating Learning and Attention Effect of Green Play Settings in Children with ADD Summary References Prognosis and Prevention Do Children Outgrow Symptoms of ADHD? Symptoms Associated with ADHD in Adults Does Stimulant Usage in Childhood Lead to an Increased Risk of Substance or Drug Abuse Among Adolescents and Adults with ADHD? Indications of a Good Prognosis in Childhood ADHD Indications of a Guarded or Poor Prognosis Reasons Why It Is Difficult to Predict the Outcome of ADHD Preventive Measures Based on Known Potential Causes of ADHD Summary References Management Roles and Research Goals Parent s Role in the Management of the Child with ADHD Teacher and Remedial Teacher Roles Role of the Psychologist Role of Nurse Practitioner and Other Healthcare Providers Occupational, Speech, and Social Worker Services Physician s Role in Research and Improved Management of the Child with ADHD Summary References Index