Laboratoire sur le Langage, le Cerveau et la Cognition (L2C2), Institut des Sciences
|
|
- Vanessa Ross
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Intelligence and reasoning are not one and the same Ira A. Noveck and Jérôme Prado Laboratoire sur le Langage, le Cerveau et la Cognition (L2C2), Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS-Université de Lyon, France Abstract: Lest the conjunction intelligence and reasoning seduce the reader into supposing that the two are of a piece, we point out that analyses made at the superset level concerning intelligence do not readily align with or outperform the scientific advances made via investigations of reasoning, which at best can be viewed as a subset of intelligent behaviour. One of Piaget s better known tasks is the class-inclusion problem, in which participants are shown, for example, five daisies and three tulips and asked, Are there more flowers or more daisies? Although the task s intended normative response is flowers, many (usually younger) participants say that there are more daisies and arguably because they understand flowers to mean flowers-that-are-not-daisies (for a recent review, see Politzer 2004). The target article s reference to intelligence and reasoning harks back to 1
2 Piaget s task, because the oft-used conjunction leaves the impression that the two represent a single area of study, when in fact the domain Intelligence is very large (the target article covers chess playing, Go, IQ tests, etc.) and perhaps includes reasoning. We argue that the presentation of Intelligence in this way is infelicitous, much like the option flowers in the class inclusion problem. More specifically, we ask the two following questions: First, are there advantages in studying a large area of cognitive performance over investigating one subpart (i.e., reasoning) alone? Second, do approaches that rely on individual differences (and primarily correlations among subtests) provide conclusions and insights that have greater validity or greater predictability than those drawn from investigations of a subset (i.e., reasoning)? It is our view that the answer to both questions is negative. For better or worse, investigations into reasoning take a structural approach. The field breaks down reasoning into its component parts, both conceptually and empirically. Thus, reasoning researchers make the distinction between deductive and inductive reasoning (where the former concerns valid conclusions and the latter, conclusions that are more or less probable). Once in the deductive domain, which will remain our example, one then aims to determine the role played by factors such as logical validity, semantic content, development, as well as perceptual or belief biases that affect participants responses. Generally speaking, reasoning researchers make the assumption that findings are universal. For example, it is generally accepted that Modus Tollens (if p then q; not-q//therefore, not-p) is more difficult to carry out than Modus Ponens (if p then q; p//therefore q). The literature on the neuroimaging of reasoning, which is covering the same ground as its cognitive forebears, also aims to depict the way the 2
3 above factors play out, but with respect to the brain mechanisms or structures that are shown to be responsible for these universal effects. Neuroimaging not only has provided some specific findings that are inaccessible to classic cognitive paradigms but has informed theory making. For example, Prado and Noveck (2006;2007) demonstrated how participants are more prone to errors and are slowed down when features mentioned in a rule mismatch those in a test item (e.g., note how a test item depicting a P-in-a-circle verifies the rule If there is not an H then there is not a square while providing two mismatches). The neuroimaging experiment (Prado & Noveck, in press) revealed that an increase in mismatching leads to greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the right mid-dorsolateral PFC. This indicates that mismatching, rather than negationinterpretation, is likely critical to correct performance. Interestingly, this restricted network is basically the same as the one reported when prior beliefs interfere in evaluating logically valid conclusions (see Goel et al. 2000; Goel & Dolan 2003). This is also in line with growing evidence showing that the right lateral PFC is specifically involved in inhibiting a prepotent response (see Aron et al. 2004) and that its nonactivation in children (8 12 years) is linked to less effective attentional control when compared with adults (Bunge et al. 2002). By making distinctions between an attentional control system described above and the parietal-frontal system that is implicated in fundamental logical inferences such as Modus Ponens (Noveck et al. 2004), one gets an informed account of the way reasoning is distributed in the frontal and parietal lobes. This dual-system approach also describes some other novel findings. For example, it can explain (a) why solutions to 3
4 insight tasks, which arguably benefit from having less attentional control, are more accessible to those who have lesions in the frontal cortex (Reverberi et al. 2005), and (b) why right lateral PFC activity is predictive of successful logical performance (Goel & Dolan 2003). Providing explanations for such nonintuitive findings is the hallmark of scientific advances. Most importantly, this indicates that correct performance on higherlevel tasks has little to do with the better use of normative rules; it has more to do with avoiding biases while using such rules. In contrast, studies that investigate cerebral correlates of Intelligence point to a large number of regions, but they hardly describe the role played by each. The upshot is that differences among individuals are linked to an entire system that fails to distinguish between its functionally distinguishable parts (e.g., rule access and perceptual integration). In fact, when intelligence research does aim to isolate factors, it largely confirms what is found through more structural approaches (e.g., Gray et al. 2003). The worry is that infelicitous analyses of brain function could lead to infelicitous theoretical claims (e.g., about evolution). Although reasoning research has benefited from descriptions of individual differences (e.g., see Jackson & Griggs 1988; Stanovich & West 2000), such descriptions do not amount to a central strategy in investigations of reasoning (at least as far as WAISbased tests are concerned). There are two viable reasons for this. First, quality of education and economic background are critical for better performance on standardized tests of intelligence (see Georgas et al. 2003; Shuttleworth-Edwards et al. 2004). This makes measures of intelligence unstable across populations. Second, as Georgas et al. (2003) report, of the 11 subtests that account for performance on the WISC-III, the two 4
5 subtests that imply reasoning (and not necessarily deductive reasoning) Mazes and Picture Completion are among the least predictive of variance across the 12 large populations (and 15,999 people) studied. In other words, reasoning per se has a limited impact on standardized tests of intelligence. References Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W. & Poldrack, R. A. (2004) Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(4): [IAN] Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J. & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002) Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: Evidence from fmri. Neuron 33(2): [IAN] Georgas, J., Weiss, L. G., Van de Vijver, F. J. R. & Saklofske, D. H., eds. (2003) Culture and children s intelligence: Cross cultural analysis of the WISC III. Academic Press. [IAN] Goel, V., Buchel, C., Frith, C. & Dolan, R. J. (2000) Dissociation of mechanisms underlying syllogistic reasoning. NeuroImage 12(5): [IAN] Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. (2003) Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition 87(1):B [IAN] Gray, J. R., Chabris, C. F. & Braver, T. S. (2003) Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nature Neuroscience 6(3): [IAN] Jackson, S. L. & Griggs, R. A. (1988) Education and the selection task. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26(4): [IAN] Noveck, I., Goel, V. & Smith, K. (2004) The neural basis of conditional reasoning with 5
6 arbitrary content. Cortex 40: [IAN] Politzer, G. (2004) Reasoning, judgement & pragmatics. In: Experimental pragmatics, eds. I. A. Noveck & D. Sperber. Palgrave Macmillan. [IAN] Prado, J. & Noveck, I. A. (2006) How reaction times elucidate the matching bias and the way negations are processed. Thinking and Reasoning 12(3): [IAN] (2007). Overcoming perceptual features in logical reasoning: A parametric fmri study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19: [IAN] Reverberi, C., Toraldo, A., D Agostini, S. & Skrap, M. (2005) Better without (lateral) frontal cortex? Insight problems solved by frontal patients. Brain 128(12): [IAN] Shuttleworth-Edwards, A. B., Kemp, R. D., Rust, A. L., Muirhead, J. G. L., Hartman, N. P. & Radloff, S. E. (2004) Cross-cultural effects on IQ test performance: A review and preliminary normative indications on WAIS-III test performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 26(7): [IAN] Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2000) Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23(5): [IAN] 6
Is it possible to gain new knowledge by deduction?
Is it possible to gain new knowledge by deduction? Abstract In this paper I will try to defend the hypothesis that it is possible to gain new knowledge through deduction. In order to achieve that goal,
More informationThis is an Author's Original Manuscript of an article submitted to Behavior & Brain Science and may differ from the final version which is available here: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayabstract?frompage=online&aid=8242505
More informationJérôme Prado, PhD. Tenured Research Scientist (Chargé de recherche) Laboratoire Langage, Cerveau et Cognition (L2C2)
Jérôme Prado, PhD Tenured Research Scientist (Chargé de recherche) Laboratoire Langage, Cerveau et Cognition (L2C2) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Université de Lyon 1 67 Boulevard
More informationCritical Thinking Assessment at MCC. How are we doing?
Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC How are we doing? Prepared by Maura McCool, M.S. Office of Research, Evaluation and Assessment Metropolitan Community Colleges Fall 2003 1 General Education Assessment
More information24.500/Phil253 topics in philosophy of mind/perceptual experience
24.500/Phil253 topics in philosophy of mind/perceptual experience session 10 24.500/Phil253 S07 1 plan tea @ 2.30 Block on consciousness, accessibility, FFA VWFA 24.500/Phil253 S07 2 phenomenal consciousness
More informationThe neural correlates of belief-bias inhibition: The impact of logic training
The neural correlates of belief-bias inhibition: The impact of logic training Item type Authors Citation DOI Publisher Journal Rights Article Luo, Junlong; Tang, Xiaochen; Zhang, Entao; Stupple, Edward
More informationTime perception, cognitive correlates, age and emotions
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 187 ( 2015 ) 695 699 PSIWORLD 2014 Time perception, cognitive correlates, age and emotions Cristian Vasile*
More informationOvert vs. Covert Responding. Prior to conduct of the fmri experiment, a separate
Supplementary Results Overt vs. Covert Responding. Prior to conduct of the fmri experiment, a separate behavioral experiment was conducted (n = 16) to verify (a) that retrieval-induced forgetting is observed
More informationPrefrontal cortex. Executive functions. Models of prefrontal cortex function. Overview of Lecture. Executive Functions. Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Neural Computation Overview of Lecture Models of prefrontal cortex function Dr. Sam Gilbert Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London E-mail: sam.gilbert@ucl.ac.uk Prefrontal cortex
More informationNicole M. Dudukovic, Ph.D. Department of Psychology 1227 University of Oregon Eugene, OR Phone:
Nicole M. Dudukovic, Ph.D. Department of Psychology 1227 University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 Email: ndudukov@uoregon.edu Phone: 541-346-7225 EDUCATION 2007 Stanford University, Ph.D., Psychology (Cognitive
More informationExperimental Design I
Experimental Design I Topics What questions can we ask (intelligently) in fmri Basic assumptions in isolating cognitive processes and comparing conditions General design strategies A few really cool experiments
More informationRecent Advances in Relational Complexity Theory & its Application to Cognitive Development
Recent Advances in Relational Complexity Theory & its Application to Cognitive Development Glenda Andrews & Graeme S. Halford Griffith University Australia Changing conceptions of thinking In Piagetian
More informationDistributed Neural Representations of Logical Arguments in School-Age Children
r Human Brain Mapping 36:996 1009 (2015) r Distributed Neural Representations of Logical Arguments in School-Age Children Romain Mathieu, 1 James R. Booth, 2,3 * and Jer^ome Prado 1,3 * 1 Laboratoire Langage,
More informationCognitive Psychology. Robert J. Sternberg EDITION. Yak University THOIVISOISI * WADSWORTH
EDITION Cognitive Psychology Robert J. Sternberg Yak University THOIVISOISI * WADSWORTH Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States C H A P T E R 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
More informationThinking about conditionals: A study of individual differences
Memory & Cognition 2007, 35 (7), 1772-1784 Thinking about conditionals: A study of individual differences JONATHAN ST. B. T. EVANS, SIMON J. HANDLEY, AND HELEN NEILENS University of Plymouth, Plymouth,
More informationFULL REPORT OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES. Background
FULL REPORT OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Background There has been a recent upsurge of interest in individual differences in reasoning which has been well summarised by Stanovich & West (2000). The reason for
More informationThe two sides of human thought. Human thinking: Lessons from Neuroscience. Patient studies. Kalina Christoff Vancouver, BC May 29, 2007
Human thinking: Lessons from Neuroscience Kalina Christoff, Ph.D. The two sides of human thought The critical, analytical side and the intuitive, spontaneous side Reasoning Deduction Induction Analogy
More informationResearch Methods in Human Computer Interaction by J. Lazar, J.H. Feng and H. Hochheiser (2010)
Research Methods in Human Computer Interaction by J. Lazar, J.H. Feng and H. Hochheiser (2010) Example test questions PLUS ANSWERS Module Intelligent Interaction Design, 2016-2017 Below are example questions
More informationRight lateral prefrontal cortex Specificity for inhibition or strategy use?
Right lateral prefrontal cortex Specificity for inhibition or strategy use? M. Hornberger 1 & M. Bertoux 1 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK The specific functions
More informationArtificial Intelligence and Human Thinking. Robert Kowalski Imperial College London
Artificial Intelligence and Human Thinking Robert Kowalski Imperial College London 1 Artificial Intelligence and Human Thinking The Abductive Logic Programming (ALP) agent model as a unifying framework
More informationWorking Memory: Critical Constructs and Some Current Issues. Outline. Starting Points. Starting Points
Working Memory: Critical Constructs and Some Current Issues Edward E. Smith Columbia University Outline Background Maintenance: Modality specificity and buffers Interference resolution: Distraction and
More informationMSc Neuroimaging for Clinical & Cognitive Neuroscience
MSc Neuroimaging for Clinical & Cognitive Neuroscience School of Psychological Sciences Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences Module Information *Please note that this is a sample guide to modules. The exact
More informationExamples of Feedback Comments: How to use them to improve your report writing. Example 1: Compare and contrast
Examples of Feedback Comments: How to use them to improve your report writing This document contains 4 examples of writing and feedback comments from Level 2A lab reports, and 4 steps to help you apply
More informationA model of parallel time estimation
A model of parallel time estimation Hedderik van Rijn 1 and Niels Taatgen 1,2 1 Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen 2 Department of Psychology,
More informationCognitive Neuroscience Section 8
Cognitive Neuroscience Section 8 Intelligence is the most difficult cognitive function to define. It is manifested in many different ways. Fuster defines it as the ability to adjust by reasoning to new
More informationRajeev Raizada: Statement of research interests
Rajeev Raizada: Statement of research interests Overall goal: explore how the structure of neural representations gives rise to behavioural abilities and disabilities There tends to be a split in the field
More informationCONGRUENCE EFFECTS IN LETTERS VERSUS SHAPES: THE RULE OF LITERACY. Abstract
CONGRUENCE EFFECTS IN LETTERS VERSUS SHAPES: THE RULE OF LITERACY Thomas Lachmann *, Gunjan Khera * and Cees van Leeuwen # * Psychology II, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany # Laboratory
More informationExplainer: This is your brain
Explainer: This is your brain By The Conversation, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.24.17 Word Count 803 TOP: There are many different parts of the brain with their own specific function. There are times
More informationLEFT HEMISPHERE LESIONS DIFFERENTIALLY IMPACT CONDITIONAL REASONING WITH FAMILIAR AND EMOTIONAL CONTENT MARY RUTH REBECCA MARLING
LEFT HEMISPHERE LESIONS DIFFERENTIALLY IMPACT CONDITIONAL REASONING WITH FAMILIAR AND EMOTIONAL CONTENT MARY RUTH REBECCA MARLING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
More informationDoes coffee make you reason smarter? The effect of caffeine on executive functioning and dual-process reasoning.
Does coffee make you reason smarter? The effect of caffeine on executive functioning and dual-process reasoning. Katrijn Pipijn (Katrijn.Pipijn@ppw.kuleuven.be) Leen Janssens (Leen.Janssens@ppw.kuleuven.be)
More informationVIII. 10. Right Temporal-Lobe Contribution to the Retrieval of Family Relationships in Person Identification
CYRIC Annual Report 2009 VIII. 10. Right Temporal-Lobe Contribution to the Retrieval of Family Relationships in Person Identification Abe N. 1, Fujii T. 1, Ueno A. 1, Shigemune Y. 1, Suzuki M. 2, Tashiro
More information*AP Psychology (#3320)
AASD SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM *AP Psychology (#3320) Description The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the systematic and scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of human
More informationTime Experiencing by Robotic Agents
Time Experiencing by Robotic Agents Michail Maniadakis 1 and Marc Wittmann 2 and Panos Trahanias 1 1- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, ICS, Greece 2- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology
More informationRemembering the Past to Imagine the Future: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY, 21:(Suppl. 1)S108 S112, 2009 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0899-5605 print / 1532-7876 online DOI: 10.1080/08995600802554748 Remembering the Past to Imagine the Future:
More informationThe bridge between neuroscience and cognition must be tethered at both ends
The bridge between neuroscience and cognition must be tethered at both ends Oren Griffiths, Mike E. Le Pelley and Robyn Langdon AUTHOR S MANUSCRIPT COPY This is the author s version of a work that was
More informationWorking Memory (Goal Maintenance and Interference Control) Edward E. Smith Columbia University
Working Memory (Goal Maintenance and Interference Control) Edward E. Smith Columbia University Outline Goal Maintenance Interference resolution: distraction, proactive interference, and directed forgetting
More informationResistance to forgetting associated with hippocampus-mediated. reactivation during new learning
Resistance to Forgetting 1 Resistance to forgetting associated with hippocampus-mediated reactivation during new learning Brice A. Kuhl, Arpeet T. Shah, Sarah DuBrow, & Anthony D. Wagner Resistance to
More informationReasoning Deduction. Dual-Process Theories of Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning Deduction. Dual-Process Theories of Deductive Reasoning Mariusz Urbański Institute of Psychology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland http://mu.edu.pl Table of Contents 1 Memento 2 Two paradigms
More informationINTERVIEWS II: THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES 5. CLINICAL APPROACH TO INTERVIEWING PART 1
INTERVIEWS II: THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES 5. CLINICAL APPROACH TO INTERVIEWING PART 1 5.1 Clinical Interviews: Background Information The clinical interview is a technique pioneered by Jean Piaget, in 1975,
More informationSatiation in name and face recognition
Memory & Cognition 2000, 28 (5), 783-788 Satiation in name and face recognition MICHAEL B. LEWIS and HADYN D. ELLIS Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales Massive repetition of a word can lead to a loss of
More informationDo women with fragile X syndrome have problems in switching attention: Preliminary findings from ERP and fmri
Brain and Cognition 54 (2004) 235 239 www.elsevier.com/locate/b&c Do women with fragile X syndrome have problems in switching attention: Preliminary findings from ERP and fmri Kim Cornish, a,b, * Rachel
More informationThompson, Valerie A, Ackerman, Rakefet, Sidi, Yael, Ball, Linden, Pennycook, Gordon and Prowse Turner, Jamie A
Article The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency in the monitoring and control of reasoning: Reply to Alter, Oppenheimer, and Epley Thompson, Valerie A, Ackerman, Rakefet, Sidi, Yael, Ball, Linden,
More informationFinancial Decision-Making: Stacey Wood, PhD, Professor Scripps College
Financial Decision-Making: Stacey Wood, PhD, Professor Scripps College Framework for Understanding Financial Decision-Making in SSI Beneficiaries Understand particular strengths, weaknesses and vulnerabilities
More informationDenny Borsboom Jaap van Heerden Gideon J. Mellenbergh
Validity and Truth Denny Borsboom Jaap van Heerden Gideon J. Mellenbergh Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam ml borsboom.d@macmail.psy.uva.nl Summary. This paper analyzes the semantics of
More informationBrain bases of individual differences in cognition
Carnegie Mellon University From the SelectedWorks of Marcel Adam Just 2008 Brain bases of individual differences in cognition Chantel S. Prat, Carnegie Mellon University Marcel Adam Just, Carnegie Mellon
More informationLecture 10: Some experimental data on cognitive processes in the brain
NN B 09 1 Lecture 10: Some experimental data on cognitive processes in the brain Wolfgang Maass Institut für Grundlagen der Informationsverarbeitung Technische Universität Graz, Austria Institute for Theoretical
More informationAttention, Binding, and Consciousness
Attention, Binding, and Consciousness 1. Perceptual binding, dynamic binding 2. Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Binocular rivalry 3. Attention vs. consciousness 4. Binding revisited: Split-brain, split-consciousness
More informationInsight Assessment Measuring Thinking Worldwide
California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST). The CCTST measures the reasoning skills human beings use in the process of reflectively deciding what to believe or what to do. Skill/Attribute Name SE
More informationBrain Imaging Applied to Memory & Learning
Brain Imaging Applied to Memory & Learning John Gabrieli Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences Institute for Medical Engineering & Sciences McGovern Institute for Brain Sciences MIT Levels of Analysis
More informationcentral sulcus parietal lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe Sylvian fissure temporal lobe
frontal lobe central sulcus parietal lobe occipital lobe Sylvian fissure temporal lobe The lobes of the brain. Note that the crease along the top of the temporal lobe is the Sylvian fissure, which divides
More informationHow to Build a Cognitive Task
Clinically-Relevant How to Build a Cognitive Task Jonathan D. Cohen Princeton Neuroscience Institute Psychology Department Princeton University Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh Example
More informationDEVELOPING THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Dr. Noly M. Mascariñas
DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Dr. Noly M. Mascariñas Director, BU-CHED Zonal Research Center Bicol University Research and Development Center Legazpi City Research Proposal Preparation Seminar-Writeshop
More informationAsymmetrical involvement of frontal lobes in social reasoning
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh086 Brain (2004), 127, 783±790 Asymmetrical involvement of frontal lobes in social reasoning Vinod Goel, 3 Jeffrey Shuren, 1,2 Laura Sheesley 1 and Jordan Grafman 1 1 Cognitive Neuroscience
More informationNeural Correlates of Human Cognitive Function:
Neural Correlates of Human Cognitive Function: A Comparison of Electrophysiological and Other Neuroimaging Approaches Leun J. Otten Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Psychology University
More informationResponse to Voodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscience by Vul et al. summary information for the press
Response to Voodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscience by Vul et al. summary information for the press Mbemba Jabbi 1, Christian Keysers 2, Tania Singer 3, Klaas Enno Stephan 3, (authors listed in alphabetical
More informationWhat Matters in the Cued Task-Switching Paradigm: Tasks or Cues? Ulrich Mayr. University of Oregon
What Matters in the Cued Task-Switching Paradigm: Tasks or Cues? Ulrich Mayr University of Oregon Running head: Cue-specific versus task-specific switch costs Ulrich Mayr Department of Psychology University
More informationThe Vote! Winners. $100 Question from Ch 10 11/16/11
Winners The Vote! a)! Artificial Intelligence b)! Drugs (including alcohol) and Cognition/Perception c)! Sleep and Dreaming d)! Disorders/Man Who Mistook e)! Other (Consciousness, emotion, twins, linguistic
More informationDual process models point towards an interaction between topdown control and bottom-up influences.
Dual process models point towards an interaction between topdown control and bottom-up influences. Research suggests obesity is linked to low self-control combined with high reward sensitivity. Childhood
More informationIntegrating Mental Processes: Thinking and Problem Solving
Integrating Mental Processes: Thinking and Problem Solving Recruitment of executive attention is normally associated with a subjective feeling of mental effort. Lionel Naccache, Stanislas Dehaene, Laurent
More informationOctober 2, Memory II. 8 The Human Amnesic Syndrome. 9 Recent/Remote Distinction. 11 Frontal/Executive Contributions to Memory
1 Memory II October 2, 2008 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Human Amnesic Syndrome Impaired new learning (anterograde amnesia), exacerbated by increasing retention delay Impaired recollection of events learned prior
More informationMarianne Løvstad, PhD, Clinical neuropsychologist; Sunnaas rehabilitation Hospital, Ass. Prof., Dept. of psychology, University of Oslo
Self-reported executive deficit in patients with neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions - symptom levels and relationship to cognition and emotional distress. Marianne Løvstad, PhD, Clinical neuropsychologist;
More informationBrain Regions Associated with the Cambridge Brain Sciences Tests
Brain Regions Associated with the Cambridge Brain Sciences Tests CAMBRIDGE BRAIN SCIENCES A. Document Overview B. Brain Networks Behind the Cambridge Brain Sciences Tests C. Summary Table of the Brain
More informationScience, Society, and Social Research (1) Benjamin Graham
Science, Society, and Social Research (1) Nuts and Bolts My computer croaked, so no clickers today We will start collecting clicker data for grades next Thurs Discussion sections start next week Homework
More informationSupplementary materials for: Executive control processes underlying multi- item working memory
Supplementary materials for: Executive control processes underlying multi- item working memory Antonio H. Lara & Jonathan D. Wallis Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Behavioral measures of
More informationDr. Mark Ashton Smith, Department of Psychology, Bilkent University
UMAN CONSCIOUSNESS some leads based on findings in neuropsychology Dr. Mark Ashton Smith, Department of Psychology, Bilkent University nattentional Blindness Simons and Levin, 1998 Not Detected Detected
More informationA Direct Object of Perception
E-LOGOS Electronic Journal for Philosophy 2015, Vol. 22(1) 28 36 ISSN 1211-0442 (DOI 10.18267/j.e-logos.411),Peer-reviewed article Journal homepage: e-logos.vse.cz A Direct Object of Perception Mika Suojanen
More informationDEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SC.& TECHNOLOGY, HISAR
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SC.& TECHNOLOGY, HISAR SYLLABUS -2015 Pre. Ph.D Entrance Test 1. Schools of Psychology Psychoanalytic, Behaviourism, Functionalism, Stucturalism,
More informationUMbRELLA interim report Preparatory work
UMbRELLA interim report Preparatory work This document is intended to supplement the UMbRELLA Interim Report 2 (January 2016) by providing a summary of the preliminary analyses which influenced the decision
More informationExperimental Design. Outline. Outline. A very simple experiment. Activation for movement versus rest
Experimental Design Kate Watkins Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford With thanks to: Heidi Johansen-Berg Joe Devlin Outline Choices for experimental paradigm Subtraction / hierarchical
More informationThe effect of premise order in conditional reasoning: a test of the mental model theory
Cognition 63 (1997) 1 28 The effect of premise order in conditional reasoning: a test of the mental model theory Vittorio Girotto *, Alberto Mazzocco, Alessandra Tasso a, b b a CREPCO CNRS and University
More informationJournal of Experimental Child Psychology
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology xxx (2012) xxx xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Child Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jecp Belief
More informationThe Cognitive Approach
WJEC Psychology A-level The Cognitive Approach Notes Part 1 An Introduction to The Cognitive Approach A01 Introduction and Assumptions: Assumes that the scientific and objective study of internal mental
More informationChapter 2 Knowledge Production in Cognitive Neuroscience: Tests of Association, Necessity, and Sufficiency
Chapter 2 Knowledge Production in Cognitive Neuroscience: Tests of Association, Necessity, and Sufficiency While all domains in neuroscience might be relevant for NeuroIS research to some degree, the field
More informationGeneralization and Theory-Building in Software Engineering Research
Generalization and Theory-Building in Software Engineering Research Magne Jørgensen, Dag Sjøberg Simula Research Laboratory {magne.jorgensen, dagsj}@simula.no Abstract The main purpose of this paper is
More informationInnovation in the food and drink industry: Neuromarketing in practice & the benefits of using implicit tools
Innovation in the food and drink industry: Neuromarketing in practice & the benefits of using implicit tools Dr David Lewis Neuropsychologist. Chairman Mindlab International. Author: Impulse: Why We Do
More informationWorking memory (WM) is a system for the temporary
The neural basis of task-switching in working memory: Effects of performance and aging Edward E. Smith*, Anat Geva*, John Jonides*, Andrea Miller*, Patricia Reuter-Lorenz*, and Robert A. Koeppe *Department
More informationBLOCK S OVERFLOW ARGUMENT
BLOCK S OVERFLOW ARGUMENT BY PETER CARRUTHERS Abstract: This article challenges Block s overflow argument for the conclusion that phenomenal consciousness and access-consciousness are distinct. It shows
More informationTest Bank Questions for Chapter 1
Test Bank Questions for Chapter 1 1) The difference between a layperson s and an experimental psychologist s understanding of behavior is: A) A layperson relies upon his/her conceptualizations whereas
More informationWhat matters in the cued task-switching paradigm: Tasks or cues?
Journal Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2006,?? 13 (?), (5),???-??? 794-799 What matters in the cued task-switching paradigm: Tasks or cues? ULRICH MAYR University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon Schneider and
More informationWho Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning
Book Review/Compte rendu 291 Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning Keith E. Stanovich Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. Pp. xvi, 1-296. Hardcover: ISBN 0-8058-2472-3,
More informationMULTI-CHANNEL COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION Research on the Deaf Brain is beginning to provide a new evidence base for policy and practice in relation to intervention with deaf children. This talk outlines the multi-channel nature of
More information3. Title: Within Fluid Cognition: Fluid Processing and Fluid Storage?
Cowan commentary on Blair, Page 1 1. Commentary on Clancy Blair target article 2. Word counts: Abstract 62 Main text 1,066 References 487 (435 excluding 2 references already in the target article) Total
More informationGlossary of Research Terms Compiled by Dr Emma Rowden and David Litting (UTS Library)
Glossary of Research Terms Compiled by Dr Emma Rowden and David Litting (UTS Library) Applied Research Applied research refers to the use of social science inquiry methods to solve concrete and practical
More informationEvidence for false memory before deletion in visual short-term memory
Evidence for false memory before deletion in visual short-term memory Eiichi Hoshino 1,2, Ken Mogi 2, 1 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science. 4259
More informationThis article, the last in a 4-part series on philosophical problems
GUEST ARTICLE Philosophical Issues in Medicine and Psychiatry, Part IV James Lake, MD This article, the last in a 4-part series on philosophical problems in conventional and integrative medicine, focuses
More informationIntentionality. Phil 255
Intentionality Phil 255 Dan Dennett Intentional systems are ascribed intentional sentences Known as a supporter of instrumentalism about beliefs Student of Ryle s Dennett seems to present a kind of so$ened
More informationPSYCHOLOGY Vol. II - Experimentation in Psychology-Rationale, Concepts and Issues - Siu L. Chow
EXPERIMENTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY RATIONALE, CONCEPTS, AND ISSUES Siu L. Chow Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Canada Keywords: conditional syllogism, control, criterion of falsification, experiment,
More informationTask Switching. Higher-Level Cognition Oct 7, 2008
Task Switching Higher-Level Cognition Oct 7, 2008 Monsell, 2003 Task Switching Basic phenomena Reaction time (RT) cost for switching tasks Higher error rate Diminished if prepared for switch Slower RT
More informationModule Specification
PS1000 Introductory Psychology I Module Level: Year 1 Lectures 20 Guided Independent Study 80 Total Module Hours 100 Mark Jose Prados Pass for Credit No. Assessment Description Weight % Qual Mark xam Hours
More informationResponse to the ASA s statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose
Response to the ASA s statement on p-values: context, process, purpose Edward L. Ionides Alexer Giessing Yaacov Ritov Scott E. Page Departments of Complex Systems, Political Science Economics, University
More informationEMOTION Brain Areas Involved in Emotion
Three Minute Review EMOTION Brain Areas Involved in Emotion two routes fast: senses amygdala frontal lobes slow: senses cerebral cortex frontal lobes amygdala frontal lobes Phineas Gage frontal lobotomies
More informationThe concept of neural network in neuropsychology
Cognitive Neuroscience History of Neural Networks in Neuropsychology The concept of neural network in neuropsychology Neuroscience has been very successful at explaining the neural basis of low-level sensory
More informationFinal Report 2017 Authors: Affiliations: Title of Project: Background:
Final Report 2017 Authors: Dr Gershon Spitz, Ms Abbie Taing, Professor Jennie Ponsford, Dr Matthew Mundy, Affiliations: Epworth Research Foundation and Monash University Title of Project: The return of
More informationComputational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 7: Large-Scale Brain Area Functional Organization
Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 7: Large-Scale Brain Area Functional Organization 1 7.1 Overview This chapter aims to provide a framework for modeling cognitive phenomena based
More informationUtility Maximization and Bounds on Human Information Processing
Topics in Cognitive Science (2014) 1 6 Copyright 2014 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN:1756-8757 print / 1756-8765 online DOI: 10.1111/tops.12089 Utility Maximization and Bounds
More informationChapter 1 Introduction to Educational Research
Chapter 1 Introduction to Educational Research The purpose of Chapter One is to provide an overview of educational research and introduce you to some important terms and concepts. My discussion in this
More informationFundamental Concepts for Using Diagnostic Classification Models. Section #2 NCME 2016 Training Session. NCME 2016 Training Session: Section 2
Fundamental Concepts for Using Diagnostic Classification Models Section #2 NCME 2016 Training Session NCME 2016 Training Session: Section 2 Lecture Overview Nature of attributes What s in a name? Grain
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationConsciousness (Response to the Hard Problem)
Indiana Undergraduate Journal of Cognitive Science 3 (2008) 21-27 Copyright 2008 IUJCS. All rights reserved Consciousness (Response to the Hard Problem) Artem Tsvetkov Cognitive Science and Biological
More informationRunning head: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1. Why to treat subjects as fixed effects. James S. Adelman. University of Warwick.
Running head: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1 Why to treat subjects as fixed effects James S. Adelman University of Warwick Zachary Estes Bocconi University Corresponding Author: James S. Adelman Department of
More information