1. Homeostasis [03; 04; 05] Organizational classes study and safety regulations, organization of classes

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1 Curriculum - Faculty of Medicine 2 nd year winter semester Department of Physiology 1. Homeostasis [03; 04; 05] Organizational classes study and safety regulations, organization of classes Homeostasis and homeostatic mechanisms: local control, long-distance pathway; Homeostatic reflex pathway negative and positive feedback loop complex reflex control pathway; - contribution of hormones, nervous system and other system in maintaining homeostasis - superior role of role of hypothalamus in controlling homeostasis, Internal environment of the body: water compartments, ionic composition Cytophysiology structure and functions of cell membrane, *cell transport -types, *osmosis, osmolarity. Cell to cell communication: gap junctions, autocrines, paracrines Pathway of signal transmission transduction: ligand (first messenger), receptor, second messenger, response. Modification of signal transduction: control up and down, agonists and antagonists 2. Nervous system: Excitability [10; 11; 12] Nervous system organization, function, division; signal transmission analog and digital) Neuron - function and structure: graded, resting and action membrane potentials; axonal transport; types of neurons; Neutrofines function Synapse - types, structure and function; transmission in the synapse: mechanism of releasing of neurotransmitters, postsynaptic potentials, summation, inhibition, occlusion in synapses, synaptic plasticity: amplification, habituation, sensitization; types and functions of postsynaptic receptors; uptake of neurotransmitters Systems of neurotransmitters Glial cells types, functions

2 Cerebro-spinal fluid Blood-brain barrier Terms: excitability,, stimulus, nervous signal; conduction at a loss, law 'all or none event', depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization of a neuron; absolute and relative refractory period 3. Nervous system: Senses [17; 18; 19] Receptors: division, characteristics: specificity, adaptation, receptor potential, coding sensory signal, Terms: sensory system, receptive field, sensory receptors respond to particular form of energy, stereognosis spatial sensation, Somatic senses: touch, temperature, pain, itch, and proprioception Organization of sensory cortex Specific and nonspecific systems of transmission of sensory signals Sensory organs: The eye: anatomy, mechanisms of image creation; perception of light; visual pathways and visual cortex; colour vision; visual field, stereoscopic vision, adaptation to dark, visual acuity Hearing: anatomy of the ear division: conductive and receptive par; properties of acoustic stimuli; air and bony conduction of sound; pathway of acoustic wave, stimulation of hair cells; coding and localisation of sound Smell: anatomy, transduction of signals Taste: anatomy, transduction of signals 4. Nervous system: Control of body movement [24; 25;26] Types and control) of movement (role of spinal, cerebral and integrative control) Spinal cord: conduction and injury of spinal cord; spinal reflexes: stretch reflex, flexion reflex reflex arcs, Contribution of brain stem in control of posture posture reflex Functions of basal nuclei Control of cerebral cortex in voluntary movement: motor areas of cerebral cortex, corticospinal tract, spinobulbar system Contribution of reticular formation in control of movement

3 Equilibrium: Vestibular apparatus: anatomy, mechanism of vestibular apparatus stimulation, integration of stimuli coming from different receptors in maintaining of balance Cerebellum: Functional division, its role in control of movement, cooperation with other structures of the CNS Terms: motor unit, muscle tonus, convergence, divergence, habituation and sensitization of motion responses, Bell-Magandi law, 5. Nervous system: Higher nervous activity ; ; Electrical activity of the brain physiologic bases of EEG, cortical evoked potentials Circadian rhythms controlled by hypothalamus and hypophysis Activating Reticular system -function Sleep phases, physiologic role Learning and memory types, conditional and unconditional reflexes mechanism Language processing Limbic system function 6. Summary and test (classes: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5) [07; 15;16] Autonomic nervous system (ANS) [14; 22; 23] Division of the ANS Chemical transmitters, receptors Response of effectors in the ANS; modifying substances Central regulation of the ANS Enteric nervous system ENS Methods that evaluate the ANS 8. Hormones part 1 [21; 29; 30] General properties of hormones and their physiological role. Division of hormones depending on: chemical structure, sit and range of action Control of hormone secretion

4 Hormonal function of hypothalamus: hypothalamus-pituitary portal system, - vasopressin: control of secretion and effects; - oxytocin: control of secretion and effects; liberating and inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland hormones: - growth hormone (GH) - control of secretion and effects; human growth physiology, factors influencing on growth, phases of growth; - prolactin - control of secretion and effects; trophic hormones - control of secretion and effects; - thairoid gland hormones: control of secretion and effects; formation, secretion, transport and metabolism. Physiological basis of diagnostics of thyroid diseases. Goitre 9. Hormones part ; [29; 30] Pancreas - endocrine function: - insulin: control of secretion, effects and mechanism of action - glucagon: control of secretion, effects and mechanism of action Diabetes mellitus,pre-diabetes status, glucose tolerance, glucose curve, factors affecting blood glucose concentration, glucose resistance, effects of hyper- and hypoglycemia - Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide function - Interaction of hormones secreted by pancreas. Adrenal gland: - mineralocorticoids: control of secretion and effects; mechanism of their action - glucocorticoids: control of secretion and effects Hormones of adrenal medulla; - epinephrine and norepinephrine - control of secretion and effects, evaluation of epinephrine and norepinephrine in night and day collection of urine Hormonal control of phosphorous and calcium metabolism: - calcium-phosphate balance: - hormones of parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin: effects and control of secretion - effects of parathyroidectomy and excess of parathyroid hormones - vitamin D3: symptoms of vitamin D3 deficiency, mechanism of its action, control of synthesis

5 10. Summary and test (classes 7; 8; 9) [05; 13; 14] Reproductive physiology [12; 20; 21] Sex determination Sexual dimorphism - primary and secondary sex characters Chromosomal sex Sexual differentiation early in development 9gene SRY, Wolffian ducts, Mullerian ducts, anti-mullerian hormone AMH) Function of gonads gametogenesis, secretion of hormones: Testis: - function of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells - blood-testis barrier Spermatogenesis Semen Male sex hormones: testosterone, testis and adrenal androgens Ovaries: Menstrual cycle: - ovarian cycle: phases, hormone secretion, apoptosis of follicles development of egg - uterine cycle: phases, hormonal regulation - vaginal cycle Female sex hormone: estrogens, progesterone, relaxine Role of GnRH, FSH, LH, inhibin, negative and positive feedback in reproduction Pregnancy: fertilization, implantation, hormones secreted during pregnancy Labor hormonal control Lactation - hormonal control Growth, puberty, menopause, andropause and aging. 12. Muscle physiology ; [03; 04] Skeletal muscles: - structure - neuromuscular synapse - motor unit - excitation-contraction coupling

6 - types of contraction: twitch, incomplete and complete tetanus; isometric, isotonic and isotonic with load contraction - elasticity of skeletal muscle - the force of contraction depends on: stretch of muscle, frequency of - - depolarization, recruitment of motor units - types of skeletal muscles (type1, 2A, 2X) - muscle metabolism: oxygen debt, muscle tonus - muscle-spindle Smooth muscle: - structure - electrical functioning - mechanical functioning pattern of contraction, factors that evoke contraction - types of muscles: multiunit, single-unit muscle (visceral) Electromyography 13. Metabolism. Body temperature regulation. [09; 10; 11] Metabolism (anabolism, catabolism), BMR basal metabolic rate: factors that affect BMR. Energy balance. Methods of measure of BMR - direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry, respiratory quotient = RQ (or RER respiratory exchange ratio) Food intake proteins, carbohydrates, fats Thermoregulation normal body temperature, influence of external temperature Heat gain and heat loss. Mechanisms responsible for body temperature regulation hypohtalamic thermostat, influence of cold and heat, shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis, role of cutaneous blood flow Fiver, hypothermia; adaptation to cold and heat 14. Summary and test (classes: 10; 11; 12; 13;) [16; 17; 18] Retake [23; 24; 25] LITERATURE: Human Physiology. Dee Unglaub Silverthorn Textbook of Medical Physiology. Guyton&Hall Eleine N. Marieb Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual. Eight Edition

7 Medicine - lectures Homeostasis and Excitability Senses Autonomic nervous system (ANS) and Muscle physiology Central nervous system (CNS) Hormones

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