Primary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information

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1 NERVOUS SYSTEM

2 Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit organ function, etc. 2

3 NERVOUS SYSTEM 3

4 Neuron Cells of the Nervous System Primary functional cell of the nervous system Receive & relay information Neuroglial cells Support neurons 4

5 General Neuron Structure 5

6 Myelin sheath General Neuron Structure Speeds rate of impulse transmission 6

7 Functional classes Types of Neurons Sensory neurons Bring information TOWARD the brain or spinal cord Interneurons Pass information BETWEEN two neurons Motor neurons Send information AWAY from brain or spinal cord 7

8 Nerves Bundles of axons 8

9 Quick Quiz: A neuron receives input from other neurons, other cells, or the environment mostly at its. A) Axon B) Axon ending (axon terminus) C) Cell body (soma) D) Dendrites 9

10 Quick Quiz: The purpose of a myelin sheath around an axon is to A) Speed up transmission of signals. B) Slow down transmission of signals. C) Send multiple copies of signals. D) Prevent transmission of signals. 10

11 Electricity basics Nerve Impulses Voltage (V, V= volts) driving force Current (I, A=amperes) flow of charged particles Resistance (R, W=ohms) Impedence to current flow 11

12 Nerve Impulses 12

13 Nerve Impulses Electrical potential (voltage) created by ion concentration gradients across the plasma membrane Sodium (Na + ) At rest, highest concentration OUTSIDE membrane Potassium (K + ) At rest, highest concentration INSIDE membrane Na-K ion pump 13

14 Nerve Impulses Ion flow (current) across the membrane dependent on ion channels and pumps Na + /K + ion pump (builds concentration gradients) Leak channels (Na + leaks IN, K + leaks OUT) Voltage-gated channels Open/close in response to changes in voltage across membrane 14

15 Nerve Impulses Like the ideal toilet Threshold stimulus All or nothing response Refractory ( reset ) period 15

16 Transmitting a Nerve Impulse Membrane at rest (resting potential) All voltage-gated channels CLOSED Membrane polarized 16

17 Transmitting a Nerve Impulse Stimulus initiates impulse (action potential) to reach threshold Voltage-gated Na + channels open Na + rushes IN Membrane potential reversed (depolarized) 17

18 Transmitting a Nerve Impulse Membrane potential reset (repolarization) Voltage-gated Na + channels INACTIVATED Voltage-gated K + channels OPEN K + rushes OUT 18

19 Transmitting a Nerve Impulse Return to resting state Ions redistributed to original original locations Na + /K + ion pump Na + & K + channels closed 19

20 Neuron / Action Potential Review Threshold stimulus pushing the handle 20

21 Neuron / Action Potential Review All or nothing (action potential) bowl is draining 21

22 Neuron / Action Potential Review Refractory period (reset) tank is refilling 22

23 Quick Quiz: A nerve impulse (action potential) requires all of the following EXCEPT: A) Sodium-potassium pump B) Potassium leak channels C) Voltage-gated sodium channels D) Calcium channels 23

24 Transfer of Stimulus axon of a motor neuron muscle fiber axon terminal 24

25 Synaptic cleft Transfer of Stimulus Electrical signal converted to chemical signal Neurotransmitter Activate ion channels on effector cell membrane Changes membrane potential of effector synapse_function 25

26 Quick Quiz: In order to cross a synapse, an electrical signal in the first neuron must A) be converted into light energy B) be converted into a chemical signal C) be amplified D) Be reduced 26

27 Organization of the Nervous System Nerve net Simplest nervous system E.g., cnidarians Loose mesh of nerve cells Associated with epithelial tissue Reflex pathways (stimulus response) 27

28 Organization of the Nervous System Bilateral nervous systems Ganglia Localized cluster of nerve cell bodies Coordinate & integrate sensory & motor signals Brain Larger or master integration center 28

29 Quick Quiz: True or false: Simple animals cannot respond to their environment because they do not have brains A) True B) False 29

30 Vertebrate Nervous System Organization Functional divisions Central nervous system Brain & spinal cord 30

31 Vertebrate Nervous System Organization Functional divisions Peripheral nervous system Efferent division Motor (output) Afferent division Sensory (input) 31

32 Vertebrate Nervous System Organization Functional divisions Peripheral nervous system - Efferent Somatic division Voluntary Motor activity Autonomic division Automatic Visceral function 32

33 Vertebrate Nervous System Organization Functional divisions Autonomic division Sympathetic nerves Fight or flight 4-E s Parasympathetic nerves Rest & digest 3-D s 33

34 Quick Quiz: The autonomic nervous system is part of the A) Central nervous system B) Somatic nervous system C) Afferent nervous system (sensory) D) Efferent nervous system (motor) 34

35 Central Nervous System (CNS) The vertebrate brain 3 primary divisions Hindbrain Reflex centers, sensory integration, coordinated movement, sleep/wake cycles Midbrain Coordination of reflex responses to external stimuli Forebrain Higher brain functions (memory, learning, critical thinking) 35

36 Hindbrain Pons Autonomic reflex centers Medulla oblongata Autonomic reflex centers Cerebellum Coordinated movement Human Brain 36

37 Midbrain Relay center Other vertebrates Birds, reptiles, fish Well developed optic lobes Part of brain stem Human Brain Midbrain, pons, medulla 37

38 Forebrain Diencephalon Thalamus Human Brain Directs sensory input to cerebrum switchboard Hypothalamus Visceral control center Cerebrum Association, learning, memory, speech, vision, hearing, personality, etc. 38

39 Quick Quiz: The hypothalamus is part of the A) Cerebrum B) Diencephalon C) Brainstem D) Cerebellum 39

40 Cerebral hemispheres 83% of total brain mass Ridges = gyri Grooves = sulci Connected by nerve tracts Corpus callosum Cerebrum 40

41 Cerebral Cortex Functional divisions Frontal lobes Reasoning, personality, learned repetitive functions, somatic output Parietal lobes Sensory Temporal lobes Hearing, speech Occipital lobes Vision Localization of motor, sensory & association areas of the brain 41

42 Motor & Sensory Cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Neurons controlling sensory input from somatic areas Primary motor cortex Neurons controlling motor output Contralateralization 42

43 Limbic System Emotional brain Associations with emotions & organs 43

44 Vertebral foramen Meninges Ganglia Spinal Cord 44

45 Spinal Cord Organization of gray & white matter dorsal ventral 45

46 Quick Quiz: True or False: The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system A) True B) False 46

47 Spinal Reflexes 47

48 Peripheral Nervous System 12 pr cranial nerves 31 pr spinal nerves All carry both autonomic and somatic signals 48

49 Fight or flight Nerves exit from thoracic & lumbar areas Sympathetic Division 49

50 Rest & digest Parasympathetic Division Nerves exit from cranial & sacral areas 50

51 A) True Quick Quiz: True or False: The sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions. B) False 51

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