Bio11: The Nervous System. The human brain. fmri scans of the brain a tool for brain mapping. MRI image of the head. Neurons carry electrical signals
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1 Bio11: The Nervous System The human brain The brain processes and acts on information Home of intelligence Uses more energy than any other part of the body Mysteries of human brain 4:37 Cerebrum MRI image of the head Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI is a noninvasive technique for imaging anatomical structure fmri scans of the brain a tool for brain mapping Functional MRI images of metabolic activity. See what brain areas are activated by different sensations (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) or activities (problem solving and/or movement) Neurons are unique cells Neurons carry electrical signals Can be many feet in length! Conduct electrical signals Ion channels Dendrites Cell body Axon An action potential is a brief change in electrical charge at a membrane 1
2 Some poisons block the ion channels Neurotoxins & Anesthetics Plug Gated Sodium Channels Novocaine Gated Sodium Channel Tetrodotoxin sodium potassium pumps How will this affect neuron function? Are action potentials still possible? Are resting potentials still possible? Interferes with generation of action potentials Ouabain on poison arrows of African tribesmen How will this affect neuron function? Are action potentials still possible? Are resting potentials still possible? Stimulus Like Having a Broken Power Plant (no charge created, no current possible) Like Cutting Power Transmission Lines How is the action potential passed to the next cell? Electrical signals can t cross the gap between two neurons or synapse The signal is transmitted by chemicals called neurotransmitters How does the brain work? Stored in vesicles at the end of the axon Bind to receptors on the next cell We know that different parts of the brain do different things We understand how neurons send electrical signals Cerebrum Electrical Chemical Electrical How does the brain work? Brain circuits What happens when we think? Learn? Dream? The brain is extremely complex Billions of cells in the brain Trillions of connections per cell We need a wiring diagram of the brain! How do recreational drugs work? Drugs alter the brain s reward pathway the pleasurable feelings provide positive reinforcement so that the behavior is repeated 2
3 How do drugs work? Many affect the levels of neurotransmitters by Mimicking the action of a neurotransmitter Blocking its receptor Interfering with removal of a neurotransmitter from the synapse Physiology of the high Drugs dramatically change synapses in the brain. Directly activate the brain's reward circuitry Causes a jolt of intense pleasure. The Physiology of the High Drugs of abuse activate the dopamine system in the reward pathway Cocaine Blocks reabsorption of dopamine at the synapse Dopamine remains in the synapse longer and continues to stimulate the postsynaptic cell. The user experiences a rush sensation Cocaine s effect on the brain during the crash period Red indicates that brain tissue is active Normal brain During the crash period PET scans show that the usual activity of the brain is reduced during the crash period The user is fatigued and irritable, has memory and concentration problems Cocaine causes extreme physical dependence Neurons in the brain are desensitized to dopamine Methamphetamine A synthetic drug made by adding a methyl group to amphetamine Its structure is similar to dopamine Increases stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron effect like that of cocaine 3
4 Physiology of the high Meth fools neurons into dumping lots of dopamine (blue) into the synapse, causing a surge of exhilaration. The brain s coping mechanism The meth abuser has severely reduced dopamine receptor levels (red) The brain compensates by reducing the number of dopamine receptors at the synapse. As a result, the user will need more of the drug next time they want to get high. referred to as "tolerance" Test your understanding Effects of alcohol on health Long-term use of cocaine causes an intense craving for the drug because the body has begun to make a. Less dopamine b. More dopamine c. Less anandamide d. More anandamide Binge drinking How is it defined? Do all college students binge? How does drinking affect your health? Does alcohol affect the brain? How much do you know about alcohol? T/F Alcohol is an essential nutrient. A shot of whiskey contains more alcohol than a can of beer. Your body can metabolize two alcoholic beverages per hour. Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram. Drinking too much alcohol can lead to malnutrition. Binge drinking on college campuses Almost half of college students report binge drinking What is binge drinking? consuming 5 or more drinks (male), or 4 or more drinks (female), in about 2 hours. 4
5 Alcohol affects several neurotransmitters Alcohol is a depressant Changes brain function at the synapse Increases the release of GABA, an inhibitor slower response time Decreases glutamate uncoordination, slurred speech, and memory disruption Alcohol decreases brain activity PET (positron-emission tomography) scan of the brain Yellow and red indicate the most active areas Your brain on alcohol How do drugs work? Alzheimer s disease Metabolic function of the brain Most common form of dementia Neurodegeneration Entire brain regions are demolished Destroys memory and thinking skills PET scan noninvasive test of brain function using tracers to measure metabolic activity Note the decrease in metabolic function in Alzheimer's patient Healthy Alzheimer's 5
6 Plaque marker PET scan using labeled PiB protein marker to light up amyloid plaques High levels of plaque are seen in an Alzheimer s patient But some healthy people also have high levels of plaque Alzheimer s disease Possible causes Reduced synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine Dangerous buildup of amyloid protein inflammation Breakdown of myelin in brain demyelination 5% of Americans suffer from a serious mental illness Mental illness is poorly understood Mental illness is most prevalent in women and young adults Most common problems Depression Anxiety disorders Suicide is the 2 nd leading cause of death among young adults Accidents are #1 Sapolsky on depression 1:20 How do we treat depression? Understanding mental illness Prozac blocks reabsorption Prozac and other drugs regulate the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapse Depression is linked to low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. Drugs like Prozac block reabsorption of serotonin How can we understand, treat and even prevent mental disorders? Meet the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel increases neurotransmitter levels in the synapse. 6
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