1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. FUNCTION The major function of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1).
|
|
- Brenda Bradley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION The major function of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1). Sensory input. Multiple signals from both, internal and external environment are detected by specialized cell located throughout the organism and sent for processing at different levels of the nervous system. Some inputs result in sensations that are consciously recognized or become aware of, such as images that are seen or food that is tested. Other inputs are dealt within an unconscious level such as maintaining blood pressure, within normal range or moving food through the digestive tract and secreting the proper digestive enzymes. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 1-1. Role of the nervous system Integration Within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) the sensory inputs are processed and the result could be an active response (moving away); could be stored as a memory (the smell of a meal) or could be discarded (the feeling of a breeze). Control of muscles and glands Most skeletal muscles contract to create body movement after being stimulated through the nervous system. Some of this activity is done as a reflex (to maintain standing position) while other are done voluntarily (running to catch a pray). Smooth muscle contract in response to either hormonal action (smooth muscles) or in response to direct nervous impulse (muscles in the wall of blood vessels). The activity of many secretory glands (sweat, salivary, digestive) is controlled by the nervous system. Homeostasis Most of the activities of the nervous system are aimed at maintaining homeostatic conditions. This requires the synchronization of the trillions of cells that an animal has. All of this is coordinated by the nervous system. Mental activity Thinking, storing and recalling memories, emotional responses, awareness or consciousness are all conducted within the brain. V BS 122 Physiology I 1 Class of 2013
2 STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron. The basic structure of a neuron is presented in figure 1-2. There are three basic types of neurons (Fig, 1-3). The multipolar neurons are characterized for having a highly branched dendritic terminal and a single axon capable or interacting with a very large number of other neurons and are found principally in the central nervous system (CNS). The bipolar neuron has one dendritic process and one axon. They are part of a sequence of neurons that convey action potentials to the CNS. The monopolar neuron consists of a single process leaving the cell body which branches into two components that functional act as a single axon. The branch that reaches the periphery has receptor like dendrites which generate action potential that are transmitted through the second branch to the CNS. The body of the monopolar neurons resides in dorsal root ganglia and are part of the sensory or afferent division. Figure 1-2. Structure of a neuron The nervous system is divided Figure 1-3. Types of neurons in two main components, (Fig. 1-4) the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain, which is located in the skull, and the spinal cord which is located within the vertebral canal. V BS 122 Physiology I 2 Class of 2013
3 The peripheral nervous system is made up of all components located outside the CNS. These include ganglia, which are groups of neurons cell bodies located outside the CNS; plexuses, which are large networks of axons and neuron s cell bodies located outside the CNS; sensory receptors which are either specialized cells connected to afferent neurons or the nerve ending of efferent neurons; and nerves which are made of axons and their respective sheaths. PERIPHERAL N. SYSTEM A Sensory (Afferent) NERVOUS SYSTEM B Somatic (Efferent) Figure 1-4. Components and divisions of the nervous system The PNS is divided into the set of components bringing information into the CNS which is the sensory or afferent division and the set of components sending instructions, in the form of action potentials, to the different parts of the body and it is called the motor or efferent division. C Autonomic (Efferent) The sensory division is made of neurons which have their bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion and they are the receptor or connect to the specific receptor to bring the information in the form of an action potential to the CNS (Fig. 1-5A). The motor or efferent division is further divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The somatic nervous system specifically Figure 1-5. Components and divisions of the peripheral nervous system V BS 122 Physiology I 3 Class of 2013
4 connects the CNS with skeletal muscles (Fig. 1-5B). It is characterized for having all the neurons cell bodies located within the CNS, specifically in the spinal cord, and their axons leave the spinal cord through the ventral root of a given spinal nerve and connect directly with the skeletal muscle through a synapse. The autonomic nervous system sends information in the form of action potentials between the CNS and smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and several secretory glands. All the activity of the ANS takes place in an involuntary or subconscious manner. The ANS takes care of the ongoing functioning of the organism such as respiration, digestion, cardiac function, etc. Two neurons complete the connection between the CNS and the effector organ. The first neuron is located within the CNS and its axon leaves through the ventral root of a spinal nerve and synapse with another neuron, the second motor neuron whose body is located in an autonomic ganglion and the axon synapse with the effector organ (Fig. 1-5C). The ANS in turn is divided in two large divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and an entirely separate system called the enteric nervous system. You have dealt with the ANS early and will deal with the enteric nervous system next semester. Now we will concentrate in the central nervous system. GLIAL CELLS OF THE CNS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is characterized for being cover or constraint by a multilayer protective membrane of connective tissue called the meninges. The CNS is supported by a variety of cells which perform very specific functions to protect, or to enhance its functioning (Fig. 1-6). Astrocytes, ependymal and microglia cells contribute Figure 1-6. Supportive cells of the CNS and their to protection of the CNS by establishing a blood respective roles barrier, forming the choroid plexus which secretes cerebrospinal fluid and cleaning inflamed tissue by phagocytic action respectively. Oligodendrocytes provide enhancement in function by providing myelin sheaths to axon bundles. Brain The brain is divided into the telencephalon or cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem and reticular formation (Figs. 1-7; 8). The telencephalon or cerebrum is the largest component of the brain. It is divided into cortex (grey matter, because is made up of unmyelinated neurons) and cerebral medulla (white matter, because is made up of myelinated neurons). The cortex is responsible for memory, awareness, perception, language, consciousness and thought. The medulla is made of nervous tracts connecting different areas of the brain and the rest of the CNS. The brain is also made of two hemispheres and several lobes, each of which has a specific function. The frontal lobe is mostly concerned with motivation, aggression, mood, voluntary motor activity and some of the sense of V BS 122 Physiology I 4 Class of 2013
5 smell. The parietal lobe is mostly in charge of sensory information except for special senses such as vision, which is processed in the occipital lobe as well as smell and hearing which are processed in the temporal lobe. The diencephalon is located between the brainstem and the cerebrum. It contains the thalamus which synapse all sensory information (except olfactory) before sending information to the different parts of the cortex, thus is considered the sensory relay for the brain. Emotions such as rage or fear are processed in the thalamus thus influencing integrating sensory information and determining mood. ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN The hypothalamus is the lowest component of the diencephalon. It contains a variety of nuclei and Figure 1-7 Structures of the brain nervous tracts. Some of these are involved in responding to olfactory stimulus but the majority is involved in controlling and regulating the endocrine system in conjunction with the STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTION hypophysis. Through these nuclei the animal controls its body temperature, thirst, hunger, sex drive, blood volume, renal function and many productive functions such as growth and milk production. The epithalamus which includes the pineal gland influence several biological rhythms including reproductive ones in seasonal breeders. It also has the habenular nuclei which participate in innate Figure 1-8 Role of the different areas of the brain response to odours. V BS 122 Physiology I 5 Class of 2013
6 The cerebellum interacts with the brainstem and other components of the CNS. The most complex cells in the cerebellum are Purkinje cells. These are capable of receiving around 200,000 synapses. The cerebellum is responsible for eye movement, posture, locomotion and fine motor coordination. Complex movements are learned in collaboration with the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. The brainstem is made up by the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The midbrain controls the movement of the head, body and eyes in response to sound, texture or sight. The pons serves as a relay of information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. Furthermore, within this area are integrated some of the component of the sleep and respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. Within the medulla, different nuclei control different aspects such as conscious control of skeletal muscles that permits the control of balance. In the medulla the nerve fibres cross from one hemisphere of the brain to the opposite side of the PNS. The reticular formation is made of several nuclei distributed throughout the brainstem. These nuclei regulate or controls several cyclic activities such as wake-sleep. The brain give rise to 12 pairs of cranial nerves, two connect to the cerebrum, nine to the brainstem and one to the spinal cord. The function of the cranial nerves can be sensory (afferent), somatic motor (efferent) or parasympathetic (efferent). Spinal cord The spinal cord plays the fundamental role of linking the brain to the peripheral nervous system. The spinal cord carries out a significant amount of regulatory activity through reflexes. It extends from the foramen magnum where it joins the brain to the second lumbar vertebra. The name of the sections of the spinal cord corresponds to the names of the vertebra from which the corresponding nerves leave or enter. Therefore there is a cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segment of the spinal cord. A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves connect the spinal cord with different organs and tissues of the body. There are 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 6 sacral which includes the coccygeal nerves. Sensory division of the peripheral nervous system All signals conveying information from the internal or external environment are Figure 1-9. Synaptic connection generated by a stimulus which can be light, touch, heat, vibration, chemical, etc. The stimulus is sensed or detected by a receptor and, if it is of enough strength, it will be converted to an action potential and sent to the CNS where it can reach different levels (spinal V BS 122 Physiology I 6 Class of 2013
7 cord, mid brain, cerebrum). Once the action potential reaches its destination it is processed to determine if and what type of response is warranted, if it can be stored as a memory or simply ignored. The transmission of an action potential from one cell to CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTOR TYPES another is carried out by a synaptic connection (Fig. 1-9). A couple of conditions have to be fulfilled for a stimulus to trigger an action potential. The stimulus has to be the appropriate for the receptor to be stimulated (a thermo receptor does not respond to pressure, it only respond to certain temperatures or changes in temperature). Secondly, it has to be of enough strength to reach a threshold which causes the depolarization. There is a variety of receptors capable of detecting different types of stimulus (Fig 1-10). A single stimulus causes initially a graded potential or local potential (Fig. 1-11). A graded potential ranges from very weak, thus unable to reach GRADED POTENTIALS threshold, in which case the signal is not transmitted and the stimulus is not felt. The other alternative is that the stimulus is strong enough to generate a depolarization which reaches the threshold and triggers an action potential. If the graded potential is not strong enough to trigger an action potential it will spread over the plasma membrane with decreasing strength and decay overtime until it disappears. It is possible, however, that a local or graded potential is followed by a second stimulus before the first potential has decayed. This causes the summation of the stimulus and may result in a local depolarization that will trigger an action potential. Figure Receptor types, the sensation that they identify and the triggering stimulus Figure Events taking place during a graded potential and it consequences V BS 122 Physiology I 7 Class of 2013
8 The organism is able to disregard any stimulus that is continuous but does not present a threat to the wellbeing of the animal. Therefore, stimuli that initially may cause awareness of their existence over time disappear as such. An example is a dog s collar. The first time you put it on the animal it is uncomfortable and the dog tries to remove it. After a period of time the animal does not feel it any longer. The same happen with rings in fingers or with sound that eventually become white sound. In summary the organism adapts to these stimulus. As a protection mechanism, however, the organism does not adapt to any noxious stimuli. Specifically pain receptors keep sending action potentials as long as the noxious stimulus persists, making the animal aware of a problem regardless of the duration. The intensity of a given stimulus is determined by the frequency code of stimulation and the population code STIMULUS STRENGHT OR INTENSITY Figure Factors determining stimulus strength of receptors in the area (Fig. 1-12). The frequency is determined by the number of action potentials taking place in a given unit of time and it is quantified in Hertz (Hz). One Hz is one stimulus per second. Therefore if a receptor fires at a rate of 4 Hz it is being stimulated four times stronger than a receptor firing at a rate of 1 Hz. The population code refers to the number of receptors in a given tissue. The more receptors there are, the larger the possibility that more than one is stimulated, thus the stimulus is perceived in a stronger manner. The lips are very sensitive because they have many receptors but the arms have less receptors, thus, they are more difficult to stimulate. Sensitivity. The sensitivity of a tissue to stimuli depends on the number of receptors in the area (population code) and the size covered by each receptor. Based on these the ability of the tissues to discriminate the number and location of stimulus varies. You can touch your back with a two point compass separated 3 or 4 cm but you feel only one contact point. On the other hand you can touch your lips at a distance of 2 mm and you are able to recognize that there are two points of contact. Integration or summation of graded potential. If the axons of several presynaptic neurons deliver their action potential to a single postsynaptic neuron, this is called spatial summation. If an axon fires repeatedly (faster than the time required for the graded potential to disappear) this will trigger temporal summation. In both cases it is possible that, as a result of the summation, the graded potential reaches a threshold capable of generating an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. V BS 122 Physiology I 8 Class of 2013
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION The major functions of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1). FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM a memory (the smell of a meal), or it could be discarded
More informationNervous System C H A P T E R 2
Nervous System C H A P T E R 2 Input Output Neuron 3 Nerve cell Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath
More informationOrganization of The Nervous System PROF. SAEED ABUEL MAKAREM
Organization of The Nervous System PROF. SAEED ABUEL MAKAREM Objectives By the end of the lecture, you should be able to: List the parts of the nervous system. List the function of the nervous system.
More informationBiology 3201 Unit 1: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II
Biology 3201 Unit 1: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II Ch. 12 The Nervous System (Introduction and Anatomy) The Nervous System - Introduction Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems must maintain a biological
More informationFunctional Organization of the Central Nervous System
Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System Hierarchical orgnization CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord The brain analyzes and interprets the information Response messages are
More informationChapter 9. Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) vs. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Peripheral nerves connecting CNS to the body Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Neurons transmit
More informationOrganization of The Nervous System PROF. MOUSAED ALFAYEZ & DR. SANAA ALSHAARAWY
Organization of The Nervous System PROF. MOUSAED ALFAYEZ & DR. SANAA ALSHAARAWY Objectives At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to: List the parts of the nervous system. List the function
More informationaction potential afferent neuron Weblike; specifically, the weblike middle layer of the three meninges. arachnoid astrocytes autonomic nervous system
action potential A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber. afferent neuron Nerve cell that carries impulses
More informationLesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions
More informationPrimary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information
NERVOUS SYSTEM Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit
More informationNeurology study of the nervous system. nervous & endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Nervous System Neurology study of the nervous system nervous & endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis Nervous System works very fast Uses electrical signals called nerve impulses Short-lived
More informationNervous System - PNS and CNS. Bio 105
Nervous System - PNS and CNS Bio 105 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Autonomic Nervous Systems B. Somatic Nervous Systems III. Autonomic
More information3/15/17. Outline. Nervous System - PNS and CNS. Two Parts of the Nervous System
Nervous System - PNS and CNS Bio 105 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Autonomic Nervous Systems B. Somatic Nervous Systems III. Autonomic
More informationNOTES CHAPTER 9 (Brief) The Nervous System LECTURE NOTES
NOTES CHAPTER 9 (Brief) The Nervous System LECTURE NOTES I. Divisions of the Nervous System two major divisions A. Central Nervous System (CNS) 1. brain 2. spinal cord B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
More informationChapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day)
Chapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day) Nervous System Overview Major Function: Control the body's and. Divided into the Nervous System (CNS=Brain and Spinal Cord) and the Nervous System (PNS=Cranial
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 37 35-3 Divisions of the Nervous 2 of 37 The Nervous The human nervous system has two major divisions: central nervous system peripheral nervous system 3 of 37 The Central Nervous The Central
More informationPage 1. Neurons Transmit Signal via Action Potentials: neuron At rest, neurons maintain an electrical difference across
Chapter 33: The Nervous System and the Senses Neurons: Specialized excitable cells that allow for communication throughout the body via electrical impulses Neuron Anatomy / Function: 1) Dendrites: Receive
More informationThe neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:
NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons
More informationCHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with
More informationNervous System and Brain Review. Bio 3201
Nervous System and Brain Review Bio 3201 Dont worry about: glial cells Oligodendrocytes Satelite cells etc Nervous System - Vital to maintaining homeostasis in organisms - Comprised of : brain, spinal
More informationNervous System: An Introduction. HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School
Nervous System: An Introduction HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School Function of the Nervous System 3 overlapping functions SENSORY INPUT - Monitor changes inside and outside of the body; these changes
More informationChapter 7 Nervous System
Chapter 7 Nervous System Two message centers: Functions of these systems: 1. * 2. * Overview of the Nervous System Parts: General Functions: Functions Sensory input: Sensation via nerves Integration: interpretation
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline
Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience
More informationSomatic Nervous Systems. III. Autonomic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System. Sympathetic Nervous Systems
7/21/2014 Outline Nervous System - PNS and CNS I. II. Two Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System A. B. Brain and Spinal Cord III. Autonomic
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental
More informationChapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !
Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems
More informationII. Nervous System (NS) Organization: can be organized by location/ structure or by function A. Structural Organization 1. Central N.S.
Nervous System I. Nervous system Functions A. Detect Changes in the environment (stimuli) B. Interpret/evaluate those stimuli C. Initiate responses (trigger muscle contractions or glandular response) II.
More informationNervous System. 1. What N.S. division controls skeletal muscles? 3. What kind of neuroglia myelinates axons in the PNS?
. What N.S. division controls skeletal muscles? Nervous System SRS Review %. Central nervous system %. Peripheral nervous system %. Afferent division %. Somatic division %. Autonomic division %. Sympathetic
More information8.3 The Central Nervous System. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau
8.3 The Central Nervous System SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau The Central Nervous System the structural and functional centre for the entire nervous system the site of neural integration and processing The Central
More informationBiology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy. Components of a Nervous System
Biology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy Components of a Nervous System In any nervous system, there are 4 main components: (1) sensors: gather information from the external environment (sense organs) (2)
More informationNervous and Endocrine System Exam Review
Directions: Read each question and complete the statement using the multiple choice responses I. Nervous System 1. The interpretation of olfactory receptor information would fall under which general function
More informationNervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells
Nervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue The Nervous System Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Responsible for Sensory perceptions,
More informationFunctional Organization of Nervous Tissue. Nervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells. The Nervous System. The Nervous System 21/12/2010
Nervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue The Nervous System Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Responsible for Sensory perceptions,
More informationCHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System. Anatomy of the CNS
CHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System Anatomy of the CNS in human consists of brain and spinal cord as stated earlier neurons have little support from their extracellular matrix and depend on glial
More informationNervous System: An Introduction. HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School
Nervous System: An Introduction HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School Function of the Nervous System 3 overlapping functions SENSORY INPUT - Monitor changes inside and outside of the body; these changes
More informationChapter 9 Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Introduction: A. The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. 1. Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other neurons. 2. Nerves are made up of bundles of nerve fibers
More informationGood Morning! Take out your notes and vocab 1-10! Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Good Morning! Take out your notes and vocab 1-10! Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input gathering information To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2.
More informationACTIVITY2.15 Text:Campbell,v.8,chapter48 DATE HOUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURON
AP BIOLOGY ACTIVITY2.15 Text:Campbell,v.8,chapter48 NAME DATE HOUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURON SIMPLE REFLEX RESTING POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL GRAPH TRANSMISSION ACROSS A SYNAPSE QUESTIONS:
More informationBell Work. Materials Needed: writing utensil and A&P book. Quietly pick up a Lesson 6.5 worksheet from the back table and work on it independently.
Bell Work Materials Needed: writing utensil and A&P book Quietly pick up a Lesson 6.5 worksheet from the back table and work on it independently. The Nervous System ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Overview Controls
More informationNervous system. Made up of. Peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system. The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system.
Made up of The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal Cord Cranial nerve Spinal nerve branch from the brain connect
More informationThe nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli
The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli The basic function of nervous system are: Receive sensory input internal
More informationOrganization and Overview of the Central Nervous System CNS 424. By Prof. Hisham Al-Matubsi
Organization and Overview of the Central Nervous System CNS 424 By Prof. Hisham Al-Matubsi Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Responsible for Sensory perceptions, mental activities,
More informationWHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES To state the function of the Nervous system. To describe the structure and workings of the nervous system. To name the major parts of the nervous system. To describe
More informationNervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Nervous System Master controlling and communicating system of the body Interacts with the endocrine system to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in its environment, as well as growth,
More informationBig Ideas. (e.g. puberty, immune function (autoimmune disorders)) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nervous Systems Big Ideas 2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. (e.g. puberty,
More informationMeyers' A&P February 15, Unit 7. The Nervous System. I. Functions of the Nervous System. Monitors body's internal and external enviornments
Unit 7 The Nervous System I. Functions of the Nervous System Monitors body's internal and external enviornments Integrates sensory information Coordinates voluntary & involuntary responses of many other
More informationHuman Anatomy. Autonomic Nervous System
Human Anatomy Autonomic Nervous System 1 Autonomic Nervous System ANS complex system of nerves controls involuntary actions. Works with the somatic nervous system (SNS) regulates body organs maintains
More informationModule 5 : Anatomy The nervous system
Module 5 : Anatomy The nervous system In this module you will learn: The main parts of the nervous system The different sections of the brain and how it functions The structure and function of the spinal
More informationUnit Three. The brain includes: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, & cerebellum. The brain lies within the cranial cavity of the skull.
Human Anatomy & Physiology 11 Divisions of the Nervous System Karen W. Smith, Instructor Unit Three BRAIN & SPINAL CORD Refer to the following URLs. Be sure to study these along with your book. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/nervous.html
More informationThe Brain Worksheet Sections 5-7
The Brain Worksheet Sections 5-7 1. neuroglia 2. autonomic nervous system 3. sensory neurons 4. oligodendrocytes 5. ascending tracts 6. descending tracts 7. saltatory propagation 8. continuous propagation
More informationThe Nervous System PART B
7 The Nervous System PART B PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB The Reflex Arc Reflex
More informationChapter 8 Nervous System
Chapter 8 Nervous System Two message centers: Functions of these systems: 1. * 2. * Overview of the Nervous System Parts: General Functions: Functions Sensory input: Sensation via nerves Integration: interpretation
More informationThe Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral
The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central versus Peripheral Central Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Everything else Somatic versus Autonomic Somatic Nerves serving conscious sensations
More informationsensory input receptors integration Human Anatomy motor output Ch. 7 effectors Structural classification
Human Anatomy Ch. 7 I. The Nervous System A. General characteristics 1. body s control & communication center a. 3 overlapping functions 1) sensory input: receptors monitor stimuli 2) integration: processes,
More informationNervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain
Nervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain Can you survive when part of your brain is destroyed? 2 Essential Knowledge 3.D.2 2. Cells communicate with each other through direct contact
More information-Ensherah Mokheemer. -Amani Nofal. -Loai Alzghoul
-1 -Ensherah Mokheemer -Amani Nofal -Loai Alzghoul 1 P a g e Today we will start talking about the physiology of the nervous system and we will mainly focus on the Central Nervous System. Introduction:
More informationCNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts
CNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts The Brain: A Quick Tour Frontal Lobe Control of skeletal muscles Personality Concentration
More informationThe Nervous System & Nervous tissue. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
The Nervous System & Nervous tissue Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of the Nervous System 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous
More informationChapter 17 Nervous System
Chapter 17 Nervous System 1 The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Two Types of Cells Neurons Transmit nerve impulses
More informationAxon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body
Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor
More informationThe Nervous System. Chapter 9
The Nervous System Chapter 9 Objectives To identify the basic structure of a neuron. To explain the main components of the nervous system. To compare and contrast the central nervous system and the peripheral
More informationBasic Brain Structure
The Human Brain Basic Brain Structure Composed of 100 billion cells Makes up 2% of bodies weight Contains 15% of bodies blood supply Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and glucose Brain Protection Surrounded by
More informationLecture - Chapter 13: Central Nervous System
Lecture - Chapter 13: Central Nervous System 1. Describe the following structures of the brain, what is the general function of each: a. Cerebrum b. Diencephalon c. Brain Stem d. Cerebellum 2. What structures
More informationThe Nervous System 7PART B. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART B What is a reflex? What is a reflex? What is meant by the statement that
More informationThe Nervous System: Neural Tissue Pearson Education, Inc.
13 The Nervous System: Neural Tissue Introduction Nervous System Characteristics Controls and adjust the activity of the body Provides swift but brief responses The nervous system includes: Central Nervous
More informationBiology 3201 Quiz on Nervous System. Total 33 points
Biology 3201 Quiz on Nervous System Total 33 points Name: Circle the best response to the following: (33 points) 1. What do we call the long fibre that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body? A.
More informationE) A, B, and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 49.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a simple nervous system? A) a nerve net such as is found in cnidarians B) nerve cell ganglia C)
More informationUnit 3 : Nervous System
Unit 3 : Nervous System Mind Map Structural Classification The nervous Tissue Disorders of The nervous system Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System The brain Spinal Cord Sensory
More informationBiology. A Guide to the Natural World. Chapter 27 Lecture Outline Communication and Control 1: The Nervous System. Fifth Edition.
Biology A Guide to the Natural World Chapter 27 Lecture Outline Communication and Control 1: The Nervous System Fifth Edition David Krogh The Nervous System Nervous tissue is composed of two kinds of cells:
More informationHomeostasis Practice Quiz 20 Questions SBI 4UI
Homeostasis Practice Quiz 20 Questions SBI 4UI Question 1 Which system reverses a change in a variable, bringing it back to within a normal range? a. negative feedback system b. positive feedback system
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED Images of the human brain in popular culture almost always focus on the cerebrum, the part of the brain whose surface lies just
More information14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology
14 - Central Nervous System The Brain Taft College Human Physiology Development of the Brain The brain begins as a simple tube, a neural tube. The tube or chamber (ventricle) is filled with cerebrospinal
More informationNervous System CHAPTER 9. Copyright 2016 by Elsevier, Inc.
Nervous System CHAPTER 9 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. Neurons and Supporting Cells Copyright 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 2 Communication and Control Systems nervous system endocrine system uses chemicals
More informationNervous System. Student Learning Objectives:
Nervous System Student Learning Objectives: Identify the primary parts of the neuron Identify the major structures of the central nervous system Identify the major structures of the peripheral nervous
More informationbiological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40
biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,
More informationUNIT 5 REVIEW GUIDE - NERVOUS SYSTEM 1) State the 3 functions of the nervous system. 1) 2) 3)
UNIT 5 REVIEW GUIDE - NERVOUS SYSTEM State the 3 functions of the nervous system. Briefly describe the general function(s) of each of the following neuron types: a) SENSORY NEURONS: b) INTERNEURONS: c)
More informationChapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue I. Functions of the Nervous System A. List and describe the five major nervous system functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Divisions of the Nervous System
More informationCephalization. Nervous Systems Chapter 49 11/10/2013. Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
Nervous Systems Chapter 49 Cephalization Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells Nervous system organization usually correlates with lifestyle Organization of the vertebrate
More informationParts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain
Parts of the Brain The human brain is made up of three main parts: 1) Hindbrain (or brainstem) Which is made up of: Myelencephalon Metencephalon 2) Midbrain Which is made up of: Mesencephalon 3) Forebrain
More informationNervous system Overview ( The master communication system)
Nervous system Overview ( The master communication system) Neuron process Cell body nucleus Neuroglia Nerve Tissue COMPOSITION OF NERVE TISSUE Two principal types of cells, neurons and supporting cells
More informationThe Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
15 The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska Introduction Millions of sensory
More informationChapter 6 Section 1. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure
Chapter 6 Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Essential Question: How does studying the biology of the brain give us an understanding of our behavior? Draw or type 2 things you already know
More informationThe Nervous System. Functions of the Nervous System input gathering To monitor occurring inside and outside the body Changes =
The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System input gathering To monitor occurring inside and outside the body Changes = To process and sensory input and decide if is needed output A response to integrated
More informationNervous System. Unit 6.6 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.6 (7 th Edition)
Nervous System Unit 6.6 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.6 (7 th Edition) 1 Learning Objectives Identify the main parts (anatomy) of a neuron. Identify the 2 divisions of nervous system. Classify the major types
More informationBiology 218 Human Anatomy
Chapter 17 Adapted form Tortora 10 th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Overview of the Nervous System (p. 537) 1. The nervous system and the endocrine system are the body s major control and integrating centers.
More informationThe Nervous System. B. The Components: 1) Nerve Cells Neurons are the cells of the body and are specialized to carry messages through an process.
The Nervous System A. The Divisions: 1) The Central Nervous System includes the and. The brain contains billions of nerve cells called, and trillions of support cells called. 2) The Peripheral Nervous
More informationWHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
The Nervous System WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The nervous system is made of: the brain & the spinal cord the nerves the senses There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body
More informationNervous System. Chapter Structure of the Nervous System. Neurons
33.1 Structure of the Neurons Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions:
More informationThe Nervous System PART A
7 The Nervous System PART A PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Structural Classification
More informationDendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon
Dendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon Page 22 of 237 Conduct impulses away from cell body Impulses arise from
More informationChapter 6. Body and Behavior
Chapter 6 Body and Behavior Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure How the nervous system works Central nervous system (CNS)- the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord- nerves that run up and down
More informationMajor Structures of the Nervous System. Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors
Major Structures of the Nervous System Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors Nervous System Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) consists
More informationUnit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral
More informationIntroduction and Basic structural organization of the nervous system
Introduction and Basic structural organization of the nervous system **the slides are in bold and the book is in red Done by : razan krishan & marah marahleh INTRODUCTION The nervous system, along with
More information1. Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus; also called the soma.
1. Base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing 2. tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue 3. A thick band of axons that connects the
More informationThe Nervous System. Chapter 7. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. Elaine N. Marieb. Seventh Edition
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 7 The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input gathering information To monitor changes occurring
More informationThe Nervous System. Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output
The Nervous System Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output The Nervous System 2 Parts of the Nervous System 1. central
More informationBy Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr.
The Nervous System By Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr. Instructor I, Department of Natural Sciences College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine RMTU San Marcelino Introduction Highly complex system of two
More informationCentral Nervous System (CNS) -> brain and spinal cord. Major Divisions of the nervous system:
Central Nervous System (CNS) -> brain and spinal cord Major Divisions of the nervous system: Afferent (sensory input) -> cell bodies outside of the central nervous system (CNS), carry info into the CNS
More information