THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE M

Transcription

1 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE M Structure and Functio n THIRD EDITIO N PER BRODAL

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3 A Brief Survey, x i Studying the Structures and Function of the Nervous System, xii i Animal Experiments Crucial for Progress, xiii Ethics and Animal Experiments, xi v Sources of Error in All Methods, xi v Revising Scientific Truths from Time to Time, x v I MAIN FEATURES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIO N 1. Cellular Elements of Nervous Tissue, 3 Structure of the Neuron, 3 Coupling of Neurons: Pathways for Signals, 1 0 The Cytoskeleton and Axonal Transport, 1 5 Glial Cells, Functional Properties of Neurons, 26 Basis of Excitability and Impulse Propagation., 26 Synaptic Transmission, 35 Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors, Parts of the Nervous System, 66 The Spinal Cord, 66 The Brain Stem, 74 The Cerebrum, 83 The Cerebellum, 8 8 The Coverings of the Brain, 8 9 The Cerebral Ventricles and the Cerebrospinal Fluid, 9 0 The Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System, Development, Aging, and Plasticity of the Nervous System, 10 3 Development of the Nervous System, 10 3 The Nervous System and Aging, 122 Restitution of Function, 125 II SENSORY SYSTEM S 5. Sensory Receptors in General, 135 Sensory Units and Their Receptive Fields, 135 Transduction: The Translation of Stimuli to Action Potentials, 135

4 Receptor Properties, 13 7 Classification on the Basis of Receptor Properties, 13 7 Receptors and Subjective Sensory Experience, The Somatosensory System, 13 9 Exteroceptors: Cutaneous Sensation, 13 9 Proprioceptors: Deep Sensation, 145 The Sensory Fibers and the Dorsal Roots, 155 The Central Somatosensory Pathways, 16 1 The Somatosensory Cortical Regions, 172 Pain, The Visual System, 18 3 The Eyeball and the Refracting Media, 183 The Retina, 185 Organization of the Visual Pathways, 19 4 The Visual Cortex and the Final Processing of Visual Information, The Auditory System, 20 8 The Cochlea, 208 The Auditory Pathways, 215 The Auditory Cortex, The Sense of Equilibrium, 22 1 Structure and Function of the Vestibular Apparatus, 221 Connections of the Vestibular Nuclei, 224 Vestibular Reflexes, 226 Receptors and Reflexes of Importance for Body Balance, 22 8 Cortical Processing of Vestibular Signals, Olfaction and Taste, 23 3 The Olfactory System, 233 The Sense of Taste, 23 7 III MOTOR SYSTEM S 11. The Peripheral Motor Neurons and Reflexes, 243 Motoneurons and Muscles, 243 Reflexes, 25 1 Muscle Tone, 258 Injury of Peripheral Motor Neurons and Regeneration, The Central Motor Pathways, 26 5 The Pyramidal Tract (The Corticospinal Tract), 265 Other Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord, 27 1 Control of Automatic Movements, 274 Motor Cortical Areas and Control of Voluntary Movements, 27 6 Symptoms Caused by Interruptions of Central Motor Pathway s (Upper Motor Neurons), 281

5 13. The Basal Ganglia, 28 6 Structure and Connections of the Basal Ganglia, 286 The Ventral Striatum, 296 Functions of the Basal Ganglia, 29 7 Diseases of the Basal Ganglia, The Cerebellum, 303 Subdivisions and Afferent Connections of the Cerebellum, 303 The Cerebellar Cortex and the Mossy and Climbing Fibers, 30 9 Efferent Connections of the Cerebellum, 31 2 Cerebellar Functions and Symptoms in Disease, Control of Eye Movements, 32 1 The Eye Muscles and Movements of the Eyes, 32 1 Central Control ofeye Movements, 323 IV THE BRAIN STEM AND THE CRANIAL NERVE S 16. Reticular. Formation, 33 3 Structure and Connections of the Reticular Formation, 333 Functions of the Reticular Formation, 340 Consciousness, 342 Sleep, The Cranial Nerves, 349 General Organization of the Cranial Nerves, 34 9 The Hypoglossal Nerve, 353 The Accessory Nerve, 35 4 The Vagus Nerve, 355 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 358 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 359 The Facial and Intermediate Nerves, 35 9 The Trigeminal Nerve, 361 The Abducens, Trochlear, and Oculomotor Nerves, 364 V THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTE M 18. The Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System, 37 1 General Organization of the Autonomic System, 371 Peripheral Parts of the Sympathetic System, 374 Peripheral Parts of the Parasympathetic System, 38 0 The Enteric Nervous System, 38 2 Functional Aspects of the Autonomic Nervous System, 382 Neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System, 38 6 Sensory Innervation of Visceral Organs and Visceral Reflexes, The Central Autonomic System : Hypothalamus, 39 7 Centers in the Brain Stem for Coordination ofbehavior, 39 7 Structure and Connections of the Hypothalamus, 398

6 The Hypothalamus and the Endocrine System, 40 2 Functional Aspects, 405 The Hypothalamus and the Immune System, 41 0 The Hypothalamus and Mental Functions, 41 1 VI LIMBIC STRUCTURES AND THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 20. The Limbic Structures : Emotions and Memory, 41 7 The Amygdala and Emotions, 41 7 Cortical Control of Autonomic Functions and Emotions, 42 1 Neuronal Groups in the Basal Parts of the Hemispheres : The Basal Forebrain, 423 The Hippocampal Formation: Learning and Memory, The Cerebral Cortex, 43 5 Structure of the Cerebral Cortex, 435 Connections of the Cerebral Cortex, 443 Functions of the Neocortex, 448 Language Functions and "Speech Areas" of the Cerebral Cortex, 457 The Division of Tasks between the Hemispheres, 45 8 Literature, 46 5 Index, 497