18. Mind and Addiction

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1 18. Mind and Addiction What is Mind? Chemistry of the Brain: drugs and love

2 2% body weight Human Brain 20% energy expenditure 100 billion neurons 25,000 connections per neuron 100 trillion connections More connections in the human brain than stars in the Universe!

3 Brain stem: Brain Anatomy Autonomic nervous functions (breathing, swallowing, etc.) Most primitive part of the brain Cerebellum: Coordination, memory (10% of weight, 50% of the neurons) Cerebrum (cortex): Higher brain function thinking, emotions, senses, memory Most advanced part of brain Corpus callosum: connects two cerebral hemispheres allows for communication

4 Neurons (nerve cells) Cell body (soma): processes incoming info, sends out signals Axon: long thin fibers, conduct signal from cell body to other nerve cells (longest cells in your body, 3 ft!) Dendrite: branched fiber, receive signals Synapse: site where neurons communicate (don t touch) Nerve cells communicate within neuron: electrical signals between neurons: chemical signals

5 Mind Sum of all brain activities (imagination, thinking, emotion, perception, memory) Consciousness and Unconsciousness Brain may be able to move things between these areas (e.g., repressed memories) Historically separate from the body Makes us human, the soul Chemicals and electrical impulses in the brain are important for the function of mind Is there really a mind then?

6 Mind Sigmund Freud ( ) Mind was multifaceted Conscious mind Unconscious mind Sub consciousness: Freudian slips Psychoanalysis Psychological disorders have a tangible basis, discovering them through taking will allow a person to relieve the disorder

7 Neurotransmitter Chemical that assists in communication in the brain Serotonin: activity depends on location activate or dampen neural activity Dopamine: released during excitement Normal: Dopamine released (excited) Seratonin dampens activity Seratonin is reabsorbed Not enough seratonin? Activity cannot be controlled, release of anger and aggression SSRI: Specific Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (depression too) examples: Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac

8 Brain Chemistry or Free Will? David Garabedian 1983: 25 year old Sprayed chemical for a lawn company Angry outburst with a client, strangled her Defense: lawn chemicals made him do it Jury convicted him of 1 st degree murder What is the association between chemicals and behavior?

9 Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Secreted by neurons during emotional event Stimulates the Flight or Fight response body prepares for either running or fighting autonomic response (brain stem) increased heat and breathing rate, dilation of blood vessels, pupil dilation, tunnel vision, release of energy for muscle action Enzyme: acetylcholine esterase controls this release Insecticide nerve agent blocks degradation of acetylcholine allows the Flight or fight response to go on and intensify

10 Seizures Electrical disruption in the brain 21 types based on duration and intensity Petit Mal (Absence seizure) Grand Mal Epilepsy: frequent Causes Head trauma Intoxication Drug overdose Infection Fever Metabolic disturbances Treatments: medications: minor seizures surgery to remove the affected areas cutting of the corpus callosum

11 Addiction: Brain Reward Center Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA): communicates with NA and Frontal Cortex Target for Cocaine, Methamphetamine Nucleus Accumbens (NA) Frontal Cortex Amygdala Sensation of pleasure Natural: Food, Sex Artificial: Electrical stimulation Drugs

12 Addiction Olds study: rats and electrified floor cross it to receive electrical stimulation of the pleasure center of the brain; never satiate Dopamine: Neurotransmitter Schizophrenia Excessive production in frontal lobe ADHD Inadequate production Cocaine Block uptake of dopamine Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Increase dopamine release, block uptake

13 Neurobiology of Sex Nucleus accumbens Pleasure center of the brain Sexual pleasure Dopamine is the neurotransmitter (addiction) Electrode implantation confirmed the neurological basis of pleasure Prior to this pleasure thought to be psychological

14 Derived from coca plant Cocaine Binds to dopamine transporters Blocks transporter Inhibits uptake of dopamine High levels of dopamine in synapse build up Stimulate neurons Effect diminishes over time ( Chasing the high ) Varied side effects (increased heart rate, mood swings, paranoia, weight loss, heart attack, seizures, breathing issues, impotence)

15 Amphetamines Meth: US: 1.5 million addicts Worldwide exceeds cocaine and heroine combined Pseudoephedrine Sudafed, OTC decongestant Stimulate release of dopamine and serotonin AND Blocks re-uptake WWII: German troops Powerful pleasure experience (1 st time addict) Euphoria, high risk behaviors, hypersexual Chasing the high Side effects: appetite suppression, too numerous to note Meth mouth : rapid and severe tooth decay (dry mouth, decreased oral hygiene, teeth grinding, high calorie drinks)

16 Love Chemicals Falling in love increases release of: Dopamine Norepinephrine Production of adrenaline: Flushed cheeks, sweaty palms, racing heart rate Phenylethylamine Ingredient of chocolate Limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, others) Love is functions without cerebral cortex Love makes you stupid Effects are similar to drugs and don t last Effects help bond individuals together in the short term Long term?

17 Attachment chemicals Oxytocin: Chemical for long term attachment and parental care Love and sex cause the NA to produce dopamine, stimulates Oxytocin release In females: uterine contractions & milk secretion Affects limbic system: set of structures emotions smell

18 Endorphins John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz (1975) Discovered body produced pain killer Natural opiates Reduce physical pain ( Runner s high ) Binds to same receptor as morphine Extract from the poppy plant Basis for heroin

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