The Nervous System II Neurons

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1 The Nervous System II Neurons

2 Review

3 Nervous System What is it? The system that receives, processes, stores and transmits information that comes from various parts of the body and the external world. Composed of: The Central Nervous System (CNS) The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

4 The Brain what is it? The parts of the central nervous system located in the cranium

5 Parts of the Brain 3 main parts: Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem (medulla oblongata)

6 Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Command central for all voluntary movement, interpretation of senses, emotions and intelligence Thinking Moving Emotions Sensing

7 Parts of the Brain

8 Parts of the Brain Frontal Lobe: reasoning, planning, speech, muscle control, personality, emotion

9 Parts of the Brain Parietal Lobe: sensing, interpreting language

10 Parts of the Brain Temporal Lobe: memory hearing understanding language

11 Parts of the Brain Occipital Lobe: visual processing system

12 Parts of the Brain Cerebellum Coordinates balance and posture (by contracting appropriate muscles)

13 Parts of the Brain Brain stem (Medulla oblongata) Regulate: breathing heart rate blood pressure Certain reflexes (coughing, sneezing, etc) communication to cerebrum

14 Let s dig a little deeper How does information move to and from the brain?

15 Nerve Cells Information is transmitted through nerve tissue which is made up of nerve cells Also called Neurons

16 Neurons We have about 100 billion neurons in our bodies! What do they do? Receive and transmit information Kind of like passing notes

17 Neurons What makes them special? 1. Can be stimulated React to a stimulus (a change in the environment) and change it into an electrical signal (nerve impulse) 2. They are conductive Transmit nerve impulse from one neuron to another

18 Neurons What makes them special? 3. Consume lots of oxygen and glucose Would only survive a few minutes without oxygen

19 Neurons What makes them special? 4. Can live more than 100 years You get one set of neurons and that s it! You keep them your entire life.

20 Neurons What makes them special? 5. Cannot reproduce themselves They cannot be replaced if destroyed! Although this isn t entirely true

21 What do neurons look like? Specifically a motor neuron

22 What do they look like?

23 Neuron Parts Dendrites The branched projections of the neuron Receive and propagate electrochemical signals from other neurons Soma The bulbous end of a neuron The cell body Contains the cell nucleus

24 Neuron Parts Nucleus Contains the genetic material of the cell Controls the cell s activities Axon The nerve fibre Conducts electrical impulses way from the soma > Transmits information

25 Schwann Cells Glial cells Neuron Parts Provide support and insulation Form the myelin sheath

26 Neuron Parts Myelin sheath Fatty layer formed around the axon of a neuron Helps increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the axon because the impulses can hop between the nodes of Ranvier

27 Neuron Parts Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in myelin sheath Allow for ion flow across the cell membrane which propagates the electrical impulses

28 Neuron Parts Axon terminal The terminal projections of the neuron Release neurotransmitter chemicals to next neuron

29 Sending a signal Signals are sent via nerve impulses Travels from neuron to neuron until reaches target Always move dendrite to axon terminal

30 Dendrites receive the message or stimuli and transform them into electrical nerve impulses Created by K+ and Na- ion movement Sending a signal

31 Sending a signal Travel from one neuron to another via neurotransmitters These are chemical substances secreted by the axon terminal that travel across the transmission zone between neurons to the next dendrite Transmission zone is also called a synapse

32 Sending a signal Synapse Axon terminal Dendrite

33 Axon terminal Synaptic vesicle Synapse Neurotransmitter Dendrite

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