Neural Basis of Motor Control. Chapter 4
|
|
- Gertrude Ross
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neural Basis of Motor Control Chapter 4
2 Neurological Perspective A basic understanding of the physiology underlying the control of voluntary movement establishes a more comprehensive appreciation and awareness of capabilities and limitations of the people with whom a practitioner works. (Magill, pg 65)
3 Nervous System Nerves (Neurons) inside or outside the: Central Nervous System (Nerves inside) Brain and Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves outside CNS) Efferent nerves (motor) Afferent nerves (sensory)
4 Neural Activity The focus of this chapter will be how the nervous system controls voluntary, coordinated movement.
5 Neuron: Basic Unit of CNS Neuron are similar to other cells It has a cell membrane, a nucleus that contains genes, contains cytoplasm, mitochrondria, and organelles. It carries out basic cellar processes such as protein synthesis and energy production
6 Neuron: Basic Unit of CNS Neuron is a nerve Axon takes information away from the cell body (soma) - the neuron has only one Dendrites bring information to the cell body (soma) -neuron may have none to as many as 1000 dendrites
7 Differences Axons Take information away from the soma Generally only 1 axon per cell No ribosomes Can have myelin Branches further from the soma Dendrites Bring information to the soma Rough surfaces (dendritic spines) Many dendrites per cell Has ribosomes No myelin insulation Branches are near the soma
8 Neuron Types e.g. Retinal cells; olfactory cells 2 axons one extending toward the spinal cord and other to skin or muscle e.g. Spinal motor neuron (serves many functions
9 Neuron Classification Neurons are classified by direction that they send information: 1. Sensory (afferent) neurons sends information from sensory receptors (e.g. skin, eyes, ears) 2. Motor (efferent) neurons sends information AWAY from the CNS to muscles or organs. 3. Inter-neurons: send information between sensory and motor neuron; most are located in CNS.
10
11 Sensory Neurons They are unipolar, that is, they have no dentrites and only one axon. Most sensory neuron are in the peripheral nervous system
12 Motor Neuron Two types Alpha motor neurons (predominately in spinal cord and referred to as the motor horn cells) Gamma motor neurons which supply a portion of skeletal muscle called intrafusal fibers.
13 Interneurons Originate and terminate in the brain or spinal cord They function as connections between axons descending from the brain and they synapse on motor neurons and axons from sensory nerves and spinal nerves ascending to the brain.
14 Structures of Transmission
15 Communication Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process. Neurons contain some very specialized structures (i.e., synapses) and chemicals (i.e, neurotransmitters) that enable one cell to communicate with another.
16 Electrochemical Charges Chemicals cause an electrical signal. Almost every chemical in our body is electrically charged. When they have an electrical charge, they are call ion. The important ions in the nervous system is: Sodium & potassium (1 positive charge *) Calcium (2 postive charges **) Chloride (negative charge - )
17 Neural Transmission Each axon is enclosed in cellular (myelin) sheath of lipid material that insulates the axon. The sheaths wrapped together in many layers is called myelinated fibers. If it is only wrapped in one layer it is called unmyelinated fibers. Large myelintated fibers (1-2 mm) contain gaps called nodes of Ranvier. The myelinated fibers transmit neural messages up to 400 feet per second by jumping from one node to the next. Unmyelinated fibers transmit messages up to 3 feet per second.
18 What turns the neural system on! The on or off position is determined by the distribution of charged ions (sometime called particles). Ions (+ or charged) surround the inside and outside of each cell. When there is an unbalanced # of + or ions on each side it creates a membrane potential. Resting membrane potential (polarization) Unexcited cell (not sending a signal) Action membrane potential (depolarization) Excited cell (sending a signal) Sodium (NA+) rushes which turns the cell on! Transmission occurs as an all or none situation
19 Resting Membrane Potential Inside of neuron is negative to that of the outside. Ions on the inside and outside are not completely balanced so some can flow in and out of the cell.
20 Resting Membrane Potential At rest, potassium ions (K +) can cross through the membrane easily. Chloride ions (Cl-)and sodium ions (Na+) have a more difficult time crossing. The negatively charged protein molecules (A-) inside the neuron cannot cross the membrane. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mv (mv=millivolt) - this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mv less than the outside. There are more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside the neuron.
21 Action Potential An action potential occurs when a neuron send information down an axon, away from the soma. Neuroscientists use the words such as spike or impulse for the action potential.
22 There is an explosion! All or none principle at -55 mv. Threshold potential then is -55 mv Action potential is an explosion of electrical activities that is created by a depolarization current. This means that some stimulus cause resting potential to move toward 0mV. When it reaches about -55 mv a neuron will fire an action potential.
23 Action Potential (Depolarizing current) A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron Remember, sodium has a positive charge, so the neuron becomes more positive and becomes depolarized. It takes longer for potassium channels to open. When they do open, potassium rushes out of the cell, reversing the depolarization. Also at about this time, sodium channels start to close. This causes the action potential to go back toward -70 mv (a repolarization). Gradually, the ion concentrations go back to resting levels and the cell returns to -70 mv.
24 How does it transmit from one Neuron to another? Neural chains are created which is called synaptic transmission Without a synapse there is no communication between neurons and target site such as muscles* There is not an all or none transmission at the junction (transmission may blocked, reduced, amplified or changed) Consists of pre-synaptic neuron (axon button), synaptic cleft, and post-synaptic neuron (receiving axon)
25 The neurotransmitter is manufactured by the neuron and stored in vesicles at the axon terminal. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes the vesicles to release the neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell. The neurotransmitter molecules are released from the receptors and diffuse back into the synaptic cleft.
26 Synaptic Transmission Presynaptic neuron releases a chemical transmitter. Transmitter influences the communication Transmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. Most common transmitter is acteyclohline.
27 Central Nervous System Functions as the command center Comprises the the brain and spinal cord Integrates and organizes sensory and motor information to control movement
28 CNS Components most involved in Motor Control Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem
29 Cerebrum Divided into two the right and left cerebral hemispheres Each hemisphere is covering with gray matter of 2-5 mm thick, folded tissue of nerve cell bodies called the cerebral cortex The gray matter contains neurons that send signals from the cortex to other parts of the CNS (pyramidal cells) or non pyramidal cells. Each hemisphere of the cortex consist of four lobes Parietal Occipital Frontal Temporal
30 Four Lobes Frontal lobe controls voluntary movement. Parietal lobe is a key player for controlling perception of sensory information. Occipital lobe is important for visual perception. Temporal lobe plays important roles in memory, abstract thought, and judgment.
31 Sensory-Specific Areas (Figure 4.4 below) Proximity of primary sensory and motor cortex areas and their association areas allows interaction between perceptual and higherorder cognitive functions.
32 Cortex Areas Related to Primary motor cortex Controlling Movement Critical for movement initiation and coordination for fine motor skills. Premotor area Controls the organization of movements before they are initiated and rhythmic coordination during movement that requires sequential movements Supplementary motor area (SMA) Controls sequential movements and preparation and organization of movement. Parietal Lobe Control of visual and auditory selective attention, visually tracking a target and grasphing. Integration of movement preparation and execution processes by interacting with the premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA
33 Diencephalon Diencephalon (contains the thalamus & Hypothalamus) lies between cerebrum and the brainstem Hypothalamus lies under the Thalamus controls the endocrine and the body homeostasis including temperature, hunger, thirst, and regulation of carbohydrate energy use. Thalamus is a relay station for sensory and motor information that transmits pulses from one cerebral hemisphere to another and interconnects the other areas of the brain, plays important roll in controlling attention, mood, & perception of pain. Hypothalamus Thalamus
34 Cerebellum 1. Attaches to the brain stem & Located behind the cerebral hemispheres 2. Regulates the accuracy & smoothness of movement. 3. Controls eye-hand movements 4. Movement timing 5. Posture Control 6. It detects errors and corrects errors in movement* cerebellum
35 Pons 1. Pons considered to be part of the brainstem. 2. Top of the brain stem 3. Bridge between cerebral cortex and cerebellum 4. Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum 5. Acts as a relay for the auditory system and movement 6. Involved in controlling chewing, swallowing, salivating, and respiration 7. Plays a role in balance Pons
36 Medulla or Medulla Oblongata 1. Considered to be part of the brainstem 2. Serves as regulatory agent for various internal physiologic processes such as heart beat, respiration, and gastrointestinal functions. 3. Site where sensory (ascending) and motor neural (descending) pathways cross over the body midline and merge on their way to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. medulla
37 Important Subcortical Component Basal ganglia plays critical role in planning and initiating movement, control of antagonist muscles during movement, and the control of force. Basal ganglia People with Parkinson s disease and cerebral palsy affect the basal ganglia s functions People with basal ganglia limitations experience: Bradykinesia (slow movements) Akinesia (reduced amount of movements) Tremor Muscular rigidity
38 Reticular Formation Located just above pons and contains the reticular formation which is considered to be part of the brainstem) Plays a major role in arousal, consciousness, states of sleep, and relaxation Primary role is as an integrator of sensory and motor neural impulses, that is, inhibits or increases neural impluses which in turn influences skeletal muscle activity. Reticular
39 Limbic system Limbic system controls behaviors including emotions, motivation, and learning which provides impetus for goal directed movement in environmental contexts. Pleasure center of the brain. Consists of the frontal and temporal lobes of cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and interconnections nerves of CNS
40 Two major portions of the spinal cord are the gray and white matter. Spinal Cord Gray matter is butterfly shape, central part of spinal cord, containing 2 pairs of horns. Dorsal horn involve cells are involved in transmitting sensory information. Ventral horns contain Alpha Motor Neuron whose axons terminate on skeletal muscles. Spinal cord contains interneurons call Renshaw cells. Nerve fibers descend from the brain terminate on interneurons which influence Alpha Motor Neuron activity.
41 Transportation of sensory information to the brain Sensory neural pathway (ascending track) Passes through the spinal cord to brain stem to thalamus to the sensory areas of cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum There are different specific ascending tracks: Vision has it s own track to the cerebral cortex Audition has it own track to the cerebral cortex Sensory information has it own tracks to the cerebral cortex. Ascending tracks cross at the brain stem from one side of the body to another which means information from one side of the body is received in the opposite side of the brain. Next Slide
42 Transportation of Movement information from the Brain to the Muscles Transport of movement information (descending track) that will execute the movements: Via two distinct motor neural pathways that function together Pyramidal (corticospinal tract) Transmits neural information that arises from the cerebral cortex with axons projecting into the spinal cord that cross over to the opposite side of the body. Primarily associated with fine motor skills (mostly discrete in nature or what neural scientists call fractionated movements). Extrapyramidal (brainstem pathways) Transmits neural information that arises in the brainstem with axons descending into the spinal cord with many of fibers not crossing over to the opposite side of the body Chiefly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla. Primarily associated with postural control and muscle control of flexion and extension of hands and fingers.
43 Motor Unit The end of transmission of motor neural information is the motor unit. Commonly defined as the Alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates (motor unit) Connection between an Alpha motor neuron and skeletal muscle occurs at the neuromuscular junction located at the middle of the muscle. This synapse allows nerve impulses to be transmitted so he muscle contracts and movement occurs. Alpha Motor Neuron
44 Performing a Voluntary Motor Skills Neural system is hierarchical organized. 1. One needs to have cognitive intent to move. 2. Various structures work both hierarchically (top-down or down-up) and in parallel (same time). 3. Different neural activity occurs when we perform different skills.
45 Producing a Motor Skill Important part of performing a motor skill comes from knowing what to do and how to do the motor skill What to do is called declarative knowledge How to do the skill is called procedural knowledge
46 Motor Control of Goal Oriented, Voluntary Movement or Tasks What to do (declarative knowledge) is a brain function of planned movement. -Involves the limbic & association cortex systems - In short, limbic and association cortex function cooperatively to guide goal-directed voluntary movements.
47 Motor Control of Goal Oriented, Voluntary Movement or Tasks How to do it (procedural knowledge) is another brain function associated with planned movement. - The projection system (basal ganglia, cerebellum and the motor cortex) provides detailed to motor and sensory information of how to do it that matches with what to do (limbic or association cortex systems) in the situation in which the movements or skill is to be performed.
48 Controlling Voluntary Coordinated Movement Involves the limbic, association cortex, and projection systems. For example: basal ganglia (magnitude of movement) cerebellum (detection & correction of errors) pre and motor cortex (command center) thalamus (relay station) hypothalamus (body regulation) frontal lobe of cerbral cortex (interprets)
49 THE END
Neural Basis of Motor Control
Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what
More informationChapter 9. Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) vs. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Peripheral nerves connecting CNS to the body Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Neurons transmit
More informationNervous System C H A P T E R 2
Nervous System C H A P T E R 2 Input Output Neuron 3 Nerve cell Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath
More informationPrimary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information
NERVOUS SYSTEM Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit
More informationChapter 17 Nervous System
Chapter 17 Nervous System 1 The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Two Types of Cells Neurons Transmit nerve impulses
More informationLesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions
More informationNeurons Chapter 7 2/19/2016. Learning Objectives. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System
Learning Objectives Neurons Chapter 7 Identify and describe the functions of the two main divisions of the nervous system. Differentiate between a neuron and neuroglial cells in terms of structure and
More informationChapter 12 Nervous System Written Assignment KEY
Chapter 12 Nervous System Written Assignment KEY 1. Describe, in correct order, the events that occur during the transmission of a nerve impulse (action potential) as it travels from point X to point Y.
More informationBrain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7)
Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7) What is a neuron? What is the cell body? What is the axon? The basic building block of the nervous system, the individual nerve cell that receives, processes and transmits
More informationAxon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body
Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor
More informationHuman Nervous System. The nervous system has three functions
Chapter 37 Human Nervous System The nervous system has three functions 1) Receive sensory input from both external and internal stimuli 2) Perform integration. (Coordinating all of the various inputs of
More informationNeurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48
Neurons, Synapses and Signaling Chapter 48 Warm Up Exercise What types of cells can receive a nerve signal? Nervous Organization Neurons- nerve cells. Brain- organized into clusters of neurons, called
More information6.5 Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis
6.5 Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis IB Biology SL Part 1 - Nerves Outcomes Part 1 6.5.1State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed
More informationbiological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40
biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,
More information35-2 The Nervous System Slide 1 of 38
1 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. 2 of 38 Neurons Neurons The messages carried by
More informationChapter 7. Objectives
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationChapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !
Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationGood Morning! Take out your notes and vocab 1-10! Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Good Morning! Take out your notes and vocab 1-10! Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input gathering information To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2.
More informationTopic/Objective: Identify the structures and functions of
Cornell Notes Textbook Diagrams Video notes Topic/Objective: Identify the structures and functions of the human nervous system. Name: Class/Period: Date: Essential Question: How does the nervous system
More information2. When a neuron receives signals, an abrupt, temporary the inside becomes more positive in the polarity is generated (an action potential).
Chapter 34 Integration and Control: Nervous Systems I. Neurons The Communication Specialists A. Functional Zones of a Neuron 1. The contains the nucleus and metabolic machinery for protein synthesis. 2.
More informationThe Nervous System II Neurons
The Nervous System II Neurons Review Nervous System What is it? The system that receives, processes, stores and transmits information that comes from various parts of the body and the external world. Composed
More informationAll questions below pertain to mandatory material: all slides, and mandatory homework (if any).
ECOL 182 Spring 2008 Dr. Ferriere s lectures Lecture 6: Nervous system and brain Quiz Book reference: LIFE-The Science of Biology, 8 th Edition. http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/ All questions below
More informationSincerely, Ms. Paoloni and Mrs. Whitney
Dear Students, Welcome to AP Psychology! We will begin our course of study focusing on the nervous system with a particular emphasis on how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors. In preparation
More informationNeural Communication. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Communication in the Nervous System. 4 Common Components of a Neuron
Neural Communication Overview of CNS / PNS Electrical Signaling Chemical Signaling Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic = sensory & motor Autonomic = arousal state Parasympathetic =
More informationNervous System. 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands. 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data
Nervous System 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands 3. Transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands 4. Transmits
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Station 9 : THE SPINAL CORD
Station 9 : THE SPINAL CORD The spinal cord is a long thin bundle of nerve cells that extends from the medulla of the brainstem all the way down the vertebral column. The spinal cord is made up of gray
More informationThe Nervous System 7PART B. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART B What is a reflex? What is a reflex? What is meant by the statement that
More informationAcetylcholine (ACh) Action potential. Agonists. Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine (ACh) The neurotransmitter responsible for motor control at the junction between nerves and muscles; also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. (See
More informationNeurophysiology scripts. Slide 2
Neurophysiology scripts Slide 2 Nervous system and Endocrine system both maintain homeostasis in the body. Nervous system by nerve impulse and Endocrine system by hormones. Since the nerve impulse is an
More informationACTIVITY2.15 Text:Campbell,v.8,chapter48 DATE HOUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURON
AP BIOLOGY ACTIVITY2.15 Text:Campbell,v.8,chapter48 NAME DATE HOUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURON SIMPLE REFLEX RESTING POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL GRAPH TRANSMISSION ACROSS A SYNAPSE QUESTIONS:
More informationMajor Structures of the Nervous System. Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors
Major Structures of the Nervous System Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors Nervous System Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) consists
More informationThe Nervous System. Functions of the Nervous System input gathering To monitor occurring inside and outside the body Changes =
The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System input gathering To monitor occurring inside and outside the body Changes = To process and sensory input and decide if is needed output A response to integrated
More informationBody control systems. Nervous system. Organization of Nervous Systems. The Nervous System. Two types of cells. Organization of Nervous System
Body control systems Nervous system Nervous system Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Sends a hormone as a messenger to the target organ Slower acting Longer lasting response
More informationBio11: The Nervous System. Body control systems. The human brain. The human brain. The Cerebrum. What parts of your brain are you using right now?
Bio11: The Nervous System Body control systems Nervous system Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Sends a hormone as a messenger to the target organ Can target several organs
More informationaction potential afferent neuron Weblike; specifically, the weblike middle layer of the three meninges. arachnoid astrocytes autonomic nervous system
action potential A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber. afferent neuron Nerve cell that carries impulses
More informationThe Nervous System PART B
7 The Nervous System PART B PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB The Reflex Arc Reflex
More informationPeripheral Nervous system messages via spinal and cranial nerves
Biol 067: Section 13 - Nervous System A. Overview of the nervous system: 1. 2 parts of the Nervous System: Nervous system Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2. How CNS and PNS
More informationWarm-Up. Label the parts of the neuron below.
Warm-Up Label the parts of the neuron below. A B C D E F G Warm-Up 1. One neuron transmits a nerve impulse at 40 m/s. Another conducts at the rate of 1 m/s. Which neuron has a myelinated axon? 2. List
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1 Chapter Test 1. A cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells via an electrochemical process is called a(n) a. neuron b. hormone c. glia d. endorphin Answer:
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling The Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are composed of a cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles; Dendrites which are extensions
More informationChapter 6 Section 1. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure
Chapter 6 Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Essential Question: How does studying the biology of the brain give us an understanding of our behavior? Draw or type 2 things you already know
More informationVisualizing Psychology
Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar
More informationII. Nervous System (NS) Organization: can be organized by location/ structure or by function A. Structural Organization 1. Central N.S.
Nervous System I. Nervous system Functions A. Detect Changes in the environment (stimuli) B. Interpret/evaluate those stimuli C. Initiate responses (trigger muscle contractions or glandular response) II.
More informationThe nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli
The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli The basic function of nervous system are: Receive sensory input internal
More informationFunction of the Nervous System
Nervous System Function of the Nervous System Receive sensory information, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands to form a response Composed of neurons (functional unit of the nervous system)
More informationThe Nervous System 7PART A. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART A Functions of the Nervous System Sensory input gathering information To monitor
More informationDendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon
Dendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon Page 22 of 237 Conduct impulses away from cell body Impulses arise from
More informationGuided Reading Activities
Name Period Chapter 28: Nervous Systems Guided Reading Activities Big idea: Nervous system structure and function Answer the following questions as you read modules 28.1 28.2: 1. Your taste receptors for
More informationUnit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral
More informationThe Nervous System. Chapter 35: Biology II
The Nervous System Chapter 35: Biology II Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: the study of structure Physiology: The study of how living organisms function, including such processes as nutrition, movement,
More informationNervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Nervous System Master controlling and communicating system of the body Interacts with the endocrine system to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in its environment, as well as growth,
More informationThe Nervous System & Nervous tissue. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
The Nervous System & Nervous tissue Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of the Nervous System 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous
More informationsynapse neurotransmitters Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands
neuron synapse The junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron Building block of the nervous system; nerve cell Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic
More informationChapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue I. Functions and divisions of the nervous system A. Sensory input: monitor changes in internal and external environment B. Integrations: make decisions about
More informationThe neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:
NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More information1. What are the two basic types of cells in the nervous system? Neurons and Glial Cells
Biological Psychology Basic Structure of a Neuron 1. What are the two basic types of cells in the nervous system? Neurons and Glial Cells a. Cells that process incoming signals and respond by sending out
More informationNervous System and Brain Review. Bio 3201
Nervous System and Brain Review Bio 3201 Dont worry about: glial cells Oligodendrocytes Satelite cells etc Nervous System - Vital to maintaining homeostasis in organisms - Comprised of : brain, spinal
More informationNervous System. Chapter Structure of the Nervous System. Neurons
33.1 Structure of the Neurons Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions:
More informationThe Nervous System. Anatomy of a Neuron
The Nervous System Chapter 38.1-38.5 Anatomy of a Neuron I. Dendrites II. Cell Body III. Axon Synaptic terminal 1 Neuron Connections dendrites cell body terminal cell body cell body terminals dendrites
More informationTABLE OF CONTINENTS. PSYC1002 Notes. Neuroscience.2. Cognitive Processes Learning and Motivation. 37. Perception Mental Abilities..
TABLE OF CONTINENTS Neuroscience.2 Cognitive Processes...21 Learning and Motivation. 37 Perception.....54 Mental Abilities.. 83 Abnormal Psychology....103 1 Topic 1: Neuroscience Outline 1. Gross anatomy
More informationBiology 3201 Quiz on Nervous System. Total 33 points
Biology 3201 Quiz on Nervous System Total 33 points Name: Circle the best response to the following: (33 points) 1. What do we call the long fibre that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body? A.
More informationEE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015
EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 Action Potential Conduction And Neural Organization EE 791-Lecture 2 1 Core-conductor model: In the core-conductor model we approximate an axon or a segment of a dendrite
More informationBasic Brain Structure
The Human Brain Basic Brain Structure Composed of 100 billion cells Makes up 2% of bodies weight Contains 15% of bodies blood supply Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and glucose Brain Protection Surrounded by
More informationChapter 7 The Nervous System
Chapter 7 The Nervous System Fxns of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input gathering information To monitor Δs occurring inside and outside the body (Δs = stimuli) 2. Integration to process and interpret
More informationAP Biology Unit 6. The Nervous System
AP Biology Unit 6 The Nervous System Branches of the Nervous System There are 2 main branches of the nervous system Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System All nerves leading
More informationChapter 12 Nervous System Review Assignment
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 12 Nervous System Review Assignment Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which part of a neuron receives an impulse
More informationChapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day)
Chapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day) Nervous System Overview Major Function: Control the body's and. Divided into the Nervous System (CNS=Brain and Spinal Cord) and the Nervous System (PNS=Cranial
More informationChapter Six Review Sections 1 and 2
NAME PER DATE Chapter Six Review Sections 1 and 2 Matching: 1. afferent nerves 2. autonomic nervous system 3. cell body 4. central nervous system (CNS) 5. dendrites 6. efferent nerves 7. myelin sheath
More informationNervous System Review
Nervous System Review Name: Block: 1. Which processes are involved in the movement of molecule Y from point X to point Z? A. exocytosis and diffusion B. endocytosis and diffusion C. exocytosis and facilitated
More informationChapter 3 Biological Psychology
Chapter 3 Biological Psychology Introduction Reductionism? Scientists in many fields use a strategy called reductionism; they attempt to explain complex phenomena by reducing them to combinations of simpler
More informationD) around, bypassing B) toward
Nervous System Practice Questions 1. Which of the following are the parts of neurons? A) brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column B) dendrite, axon, and cell body C) sensory and motor D) cortex, medulla
More informationBranches of the Nervous System
The Nervous System Branches of the Nervous System There are 2 main branches of the nervous system Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System All nerves leading to rest of body Anatomy
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline
Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience
More informationThe Nervous System and the Endocrine System
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body Sends messages from the brain to the
More informationNervous System. Human Anatomy & Physiology P. Wilson
Nervous System Human Anatomy & Physiology P. Wilson 1 2 Types of cells in the nervous system: Neurons & Neuroglial cells Neuroglial (aka glial) cells perform functions that are vital to neurons by filling
More informationNeurology study of the nervous system. nervous & endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Nervous System Neurology study of the nervous system nervous & endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis Nervous System works very fast Uses electrical signals called nerve impulses Short-lived
More informationThe Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral
The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central versus Peripheral Central Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Everything else Somatic versus Autonomic Somatic Nerves serving conscious sensations
More informationFunctional Organization of the Central Nervous System
Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System Hierarchical orgnization CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord The brain analyzes and interprets the information Response messages are
More informationFive Levels of Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
28.1 35.1 Levels Human of Body Organization Systems Five Levels of Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM 28.1 35.1 Levels Human of Body Organization Systems
More informationANSWERS TO PRE- LAB ASSIGNMENTS
Lab 14 Introduction to Nervous System Hamilton ANSWERS TO PRE- LAB ASSIGNMENTS Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1. a. orbicularis oculi b. sternocleidomastoid c. deltoid d. pectoralis major e. biceps brachii f. rectus
More informationCHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with
More information2) All of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour can be traced to the activity of the a. neurons. b. ganglia. c. genes. d. nerve fibres.
Chapter 2 Biology and Behaviour 1) The specialized cell that transmits signals throughout the nervous system is called the a. neuron. b. glial cell. c. myelin. d. neurotransmitter. Correct: The neuron
More informationDO NOW: ANSWER ON PG 73
DO NOW: ANSWER ON PG 73 1. Name 1 neurotransmitter that we have learned about. 2. Draw a basic graph of a neuron action potential. Label resting potential, threshold, depolarization, and repolarization
More informationWhat is Anatomy and Physiology?
Introduction BI 212 BI 213 BI 211 Ecosystems Organs / organ systems Cells Organelles Communities Tissues Molecules Populations Organisms Campbell et al. Figure 1.4 Introduction What is Anatomy and Physiology?
More informationModules 4 & 6. The Biology of Mind
Modules 4 & 6 The Biology of Mind 1 Neuron - 100 Billion - Communication System Glial cells Cell body (nucleus) Dendrites Axon Axon Terminals (terminal buttons) Synaptic cleft 3 4 Communication Within
More informationWeek 2 Psychology. The Brain and Behavior
Week 2 Psychology The Brain and Behavior In this lesson, we will focus on the nervous system. We will learn about the Nervous System and its Command Center the Brain Characteristics and Divisions of the
More informationNervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters
Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons Structure of neurons Soma Dendrites Spines Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Neurons Structure of neurons Axon collaterals 1 Neurons Structure of neurons
More informationBiology 12 Human Biology - The Nervous System Name. Main reference: Biology Concepts and Connects Sixth edition Chapter 28
Biology 12 Human Biology - The Nervous System Name Main reference: Biology Concepts and Connects Sixth edition Chapter 28 Vocabulary acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), action potential,
More information10.1: Introduction. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial cells) Dendrites.
10.1: Introduction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial
More informationName: Period: Chapter 2 Reading Guide The Biology of Mind
Name: Period: Chapter 2 Reading Guide The Biology of Mind The Nervous System (pp. 55-58) 1. What are nerves? 2. Complete the diagram below with definitions of each part of the nervous system. Nervous System
More informationWarm-up. Warm-up. Warm-up. Chapter 48. Why do animals need a nervous system? 3/9/2012. Nervous System
Warm-up Objective: Explain how membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations between cells' content and the extracellular fluid. Warm-up: Cells from this structure migrate to other parts
More informationHomeostasis Practice Quiz 20 Questions SBI 4UI
Homeostasis Practice Quiz 20 Questions SBI 4UI Question 1 Which system reverses a change in a variable, bringing it back to within a normal range? a. negative feedback system b. positive feedback system
More informationChapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue I. Functions of the Nervous System A. List and describe the five major nervous system functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Divisions of the Nervous System
More informationStructural Organization of Nervous System
Nervous System Structural Organization of Nervous System Myelinated Neuron Myelin White, fatty material which covers nerve fibers(axons) Protects and insulates fiber Increases the rate of transmission
More informationOutline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
Outline Week 4 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Neurons Neuron structures Types of neurons Electrical activity of neurons Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Synapses Release of
More informationBIOLOGY 2050 LECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I (A. IMHOLTZ) FUNDAMENTALS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS TISSUE P1 OF 5
P1 OF 5 The nervous system controls/coordinates the activities of cells, tissues, & organs. The endocrine system also plays a role in control/coordination. The nervous system is more dominant. Its mechanisms
More informationNervous System Worksheet
Nervous System Worksheet Name Section A: Intro to Nervous System The Nervous System regulates and coordinates activities within the body. It detects, interprets and responds to changes that occur internally
More informationBIOL241 - Lecture 12a
Cranial Nerves, source: training.seer.cancer.gov Nervous System Overview BIOL241 - Lecture 12a 1 Topics Divisions of the NS: CNS and PNS Structure and types of neurons Synapses Structure and function of
More information