Chapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons. Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons. Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire"

Transcription

1 Chapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire

2 The Chemical Synapse The most common type of synapse used for signal transmission in the central nervous system

3 Anatomy of a Chemical Synapse Soma - Main body of a neuron Axon - Extensions from the soma into a peripheral nerve that leaves the spinal cord Dendrites: Numerous branching projections from the soma

4 Transmission of Signals The first neuron converts the electrical signal into a chemical one The first neuron secretes a neurotransmitter to stimulate the second neuron The neurotransmitter is sent across the synaptic cleft Where it binds with proteins in the membrane of the second neuron that stimulates the neuron It can excite, inhibit, or modify its sensitivity in some other way One way conduction This allows for signals to be directed towards specific goals

5 Mitochondria provide ATP for the synthesis of neurotransmitters Transmitter vesicles contain transmitter substances that are released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis The release of neurotransmitters is caused when an action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane, opening voltagegated calcium channels This activates proteins that promote the fusion of the vesicles to the membrane, Presynaptic Terminals

6 Which of the following voltage-gated ion channels open in response to an action potential in the presynaptic terminal? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Chloride

7 Postsynaptic Potentials A change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell caused by the action of neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell

8 Postsynaptic Potentials Excitatory (EPSP) Open Na+ channels (influx) Inhibitory (IPSP) Open K+ (outflow) and Cl- (inflow) channels Inhibit K+ & Cl- channels Hyperpolarizes membrane Begin to depolarize membrane Inhibits ability to generate action potentials May lead to action potentials

9 Fig 45-9

10 Fig 45-11

11 Summation Spatial Temporal Additive effect of stimuli from various axons Transmission of an impulse by simultaneous or nearly simultaneous stimulation of two or more presynaptic neurons -Two separate neurons firing separated by space Additive effect of successive stimuli from an axon Transmission of an impulse by rapid stimulation of one or more presynaptic neurons -Same neuron firing, separated by time

12 Fig 45-10

13

14 True or False Temporal Summation occurs when a second postsynaptic potential (excitatory or inhibitory) arrives before the membrane has returned to its resting level.

15 Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission

16 Characteristics of synaptic transmission Fatigue When synapses are repetitively stimulated at a rapid rate, the response of the postsynaptic neuron diminishes over time, and the synapse is said to be fatigued Mainly a result of INCREASED BUILD-UP of CALCIUM in the synaptic bouton and an inability to replenish the supply of NT agent rapidly Effect of PH More acidic ph values --> DECREASE excitability More basic ph values ---> INCREASE neuronal activity

17 Characteristics of synaptic transmission Effect of hypoxia Neuronal excitability is highly dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen. Cessation of oxygen for only a few seconds can cause complete inexcitability of some neurons. This is observed when the brain s blood flow is temporarily interrupted, because within 3 to 7 seconds, the person becomes unconscious. Effect of anesthetics Most anesthetics increase the neuronal membrane threshold for excitation and thereby decrease synaptic transmission at many points in the nervous system. Because many of the anesthetics are especially lipidsoluble, it has been reasoned that some of them might change the physical characteristics of the neuronal membranes, making them less responsive to excitatory agents. A decrease in the supply of OXYGEN -->diminishes synaptic activity

18 Types of Neurotransmitters

19 Group 1: Small, Rapidly Acting General mode of action is to either alter ion channel conductance OR stimulate receptor-activated enzyme systems Synthesized in the cytosol of presynaptic terminals and stored in secretory vesicles Examples: Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acid derivatives, and nitric oxide

20 Acetylcholine Location: All neuromuscular junctions, many CNS neurons, preganglionic neurons of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons of PSNS, some SNS Action: Typically excitatory, some inhibitory effects in PSNS

21

22 Biogenic Amines Dopamine Location: Midbrain Action: Usually inhibitory Norepinephrine Location: Many CNS neurons, also in most postganglionic neurons of SNS Action: Excitatory or inhibitory depending on the target Serotonin Location: Brainstem Action: Inhibitory

23 Amino Acids & Derivatives Glutamate Location: Secreted by presynaptic terminals in many of the sensory pathways entering the CNS Action: Fast excitatory synapses of brain, fast-pain fibers in spinal cord, plays a role in strokes

24 Nitric Oxide Location: Nerve terminals in brain related to long-term behavior and memory Action: Synthesized as needed (not stored) Readily diffuses through membranes Doesn t significantly directly alter membrane potential Modifies intracellular metabolic activity of postsynaptic neurons to affect neuronal excitability

25 Group 2: Neuropeptides Often hormones or releasing/inhibiting factors Characteristics: More potent than fast acting transmitters Smaller quantities produced Actions more prolonged Synthesis: Synthesized in neuron cell bodies, packaged by Golgi apparatus and transported down the axon to the terminal Then stored/exocytosed in secretory vesicles

26 Clearance of Neurotransmitters Enzymatic Degradation (example - acetylcholine) Vesicles are Recycled - Once they release their neurotransmitters, they temporarily become part of the membrane. The vesicle portion then recedes back into the presynaptic terminal and pinches off to form a new vesicle The new vesicle still contains the appropriate materials for synthesizing new transmitter substances

NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3

NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow

More information

Ch. 45 Continues (Have You Read Ch. 45 yet?) u Central Nervous System Synapses - Synaptic functions of neurons - Information transmission via nerve

Ch. 45 Continues (Have You Read Ch. 45 yet?) u Central Nervous System Synapses - Synaptic functions of neurons - Information transmission via nerve Ch. 45 Continues (Have You Read Ch. 45 yet?) u Central Nervous System Synapses - Synaptic functions of neurons - Information transmission via nerve impulses - Impulse may be blocked in its transmission

More information

Neurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48

Neurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses and Signaling Chapter 48 Warm Up Exercise What types of cells can receive a nerve signal? Nervous Organization Neurons- nerve cells. Brain- organized into clusters of neurons, called

More information

QUIZ YOURSELF COLOSSAL NEURON ACTIVITY

QUIZ YOURSELF COLOSSAL NEURON ACTIVITY QUIZ YOURSELF What are the factors that produce the resting potential? How is an action potential initiated and what is the subsequent flow of ions during the action potential? 1 COLOSSAL NEURON ACTIVITY

More information

Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline

Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience

More information

Action potential. Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon

Action potential. Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Action potential Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Action potential Definition: an all-or-none change in voltage that propagates itself down the axon Naturally

More information

What effect would an AChE inhibitor have at the neuromuscular junction?

What effect would an AChE inhibitor have at the neuromuscular junction? CASE 4 A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician s office with difficulty chewing food. She states that when she eats certain foods that require a significant amount of chewing (meat),

More information

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling The Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are composed of a cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles; Dendrites which are extensions

More information

3) Most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the A) dendritic region. B) axon hillock. C) axon. D) cell body. E) axon terminals.

3) Most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the A) dendritic region. B) axon hillock. C) axon. D) cell body. E) axon terminals. Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A simple nervous system A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision. B) includes a minimum of 12 ganglia. C) has

More information

Synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission Outline Synaptic transmission Sompol Tapechum M.D., Ph.D. Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. sisth@mahidol.ac.th 2 Structure of synapse Modes of synaptic

More information

Section: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice. 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n):

Section: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice. 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n): Section: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n): p.155 electron microscope. light microscope. confocal microscope. nissle-stained microscopic procedure. 2. Electron

More information

BIOL Week 6. Nervous System. Transmission at Synapses

BIOL Week 6. Nervous System. Transmission at Synapses Collin County Community College BIOL 2401 Week 6 Nervous System 1 Transmission at Synapses Synapses are the site of communication between 2 or more neurons. It mediates the transfer of information and

More information

Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer

Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer Name Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Period Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer 1. What is

More information

NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 CHAPTER 10 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I

NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 CHAPTER 10 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I 1 Ch 10 A Ch 10 B This set CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 BASIC STRUCTURE and FUNCTION Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.

More information

Synaptic Transmission

Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Transmission Postsynaptic Mechanisms Synapses electrical and chemical Part I Neurotransmitters categories and life cycle Neurotransmitters examples and postsynaptic effects Pathology Part II Neurotransmitter

More information

3.E.2 Continued. This is the essential knowledge statement from the curriculum framework. Detect---process--- response

3.E.2 Continued. This is the essential knowledge statement from the curriculum framework. Detect---process--- response Nervous System: Part III What Happens at a Synapse? 3.E. Continued Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. This

More information

Ameen Alsaras. Ameen Alsaras. Mohd.Khatatbeh

Ameen Alsaras. Ameen Alsaras. Mohd.Khatatbeh 9 Ameen Alsaras Ameen Alsaras Mohd.Khatatbeh Nerve Cells (Neurons) *Remember: The neural cell consists of: 1-Cell body 2-Dendrites 3-Axon which ends as axon terminals. The conduction of impulse through

More information

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 12 Nervous Tissue Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to: 1. Understand how the nervous system helps to keep controlled conditions within

More information

Introduction to Neurobiology

Introduction to Neurobiology Biology 240 General Zoology Introduction to Neurobiology Nervous System functions: communication of information via nerve signals integration and processing of information control of physiological and

More information

Synaptic Communication. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota

Synaptic Communication. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota Synaptic Communication Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News The first exam is next week on Friday! Be sure to checkout the sample exam on the course website. 2

More information

Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology

Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Nervous system development Part of the ectoderm

More information

CHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems

CHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems CHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems 1. What are the three different types of neurons and what are their functions? a. b. c. 2. Label and list the function of each part of the neuron. 3. How does the

More information

Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology

Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology V edit. Pg. 99-131 VI edit. Pg. 85-113 VII edit. Pg. 87-113 Input Zone Dendrites and Cell body Nucleus Trigger Zone Axon hillock Conducting Zone Axon (may be from 1mm to more

More information

The Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine.

The Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine. The Nervous System Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine Http://10.10.10.151 Part 1. Summary of the nervous system The Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain + Spinal Cord Peripheral

More information

Portions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells

Portions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Chapter 7 Outline Neurons and Supporting Cells Activity in Axons The Synapse Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Other

More information

Chapter 7. Objectives

Chapter 7. Objectives Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways

More information

浙江大学医学院基础医学整合课程 各论 III. The Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine

浙江大学医学院基础医学整合课程 各论 III. The Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine The Nervous System Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine xiongzhang@zju.edu.cn http://10.202.77.12/ 1 Part 1. Summary of the nervous system 2 The Nervous System Central Nervous System

More information

9/28/2016. Neuron. Multipolar Neuron. Astrocytes Exchange Materials With Neurons. Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system)

9/28/2016. Neuron. Multipolar Neuron. Astrocytes Exchange Materials With Neurons. Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system) Neuron Multipolar Neuron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-psbnu5xago to :38 Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system) 10X more numerous than neurons but one-tenth the size make up

More information

Chapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement

Chapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways

More information

5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons

5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons 5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons AXON ION GRADIENTS ACTION POTENTIAL (axon conduction) GRADED POTENTIAL (cell-cell communication at synapse) SYNAPSE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION NEURAL INTEGRATION CNS

More information

Neurons. Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons.

Neurons. Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons. Neurons Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons. MBL, Woods Hole R Cheung MSc Bioelectronics: PGEE11106 1 Neuron

More information

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Overview: Lines of Communication Chapter 8 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Fig. 8- The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve s that transfer information within the body

More information

BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 Lecture 3. Synaptic Transmission p. 1

BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 Lecture 3. Synaptic Transmission p. 1 BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 Lecture 3. Synaptic Transmission p. 1 Terms you should know: synapse, neuromuscular junction (NMJ), pre-synaptic, post-synaptic, synaptic cleft, acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholine

More information

AP Biology Unit 6. The Nervous System

AP Biology Unit 6. The Nervous System AP Biology Unit 6 The Nervous System Branches of the Nervous System There are 2 main branches of the nervous system Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System All nerves leading

More information

Omar Ismail. Dana Almanzalji. Faisal Mohammad

Omar Ismail. Dana Almanzalji. Faisal Mohammad 11 Omar Ismail Dana Almanzalji Faisal Mohammad Neuronal classification: Neurons are responsible for transmitting the action potential to the brain. The speed at which the action potential is transmitted

More information

Branches of the Nervous System

Branches of the Nervous System The Nervous System Branches of the Nervous System There are 2 main branches of the nervous system Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System All nerves leading to rest of body Anatomy

More information

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C Warm Up What is a neurotransmitter? What is the

More information

Endocrine System Nervous System

Endocrine System Nervous System Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast

More information

All questions below pertain to mandatory material: all slides, and mandatory homework (if any).

All questions below pertain to mandatory material: all slides, and mandatory homework (if any). ECOL 182 Spring 2008 Dr. Ferriere s lectures Lecture 6: Nervous system and brain Quiz Book reference: LIFE-The Science of Biology, 8 th Edition. http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/ All questions below

More information

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS. AP Biology Chapter 48

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS. AP Biology Chapter 48 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS AP Biology Chapter 48 Objectives Describe the different types of neurons Describe the structure and function of dendrites, axons, a synapse, types of ion channels, and

More information

Physiology of synapses and receptors

Physiology of synapses and receptors Physiology of synapses and receptors Dr Syed Shahid Habib Professor & Consultant Clinical Neurophysiology Dept. of Physiology College of Medicine & KKUH King Saud University REMEMBER These handouts will

More information

Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed.,

Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,

More information

Nervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

Nervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters Nervous System Master controlling and communicating system of the body Interacts with the endocrine system to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in its environment, as well as growth,

More information

Communication Between

Communication Between Communication Between Neurons Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The electrical changes taking place within a neuron, as described in the previous section, are similar to a light switch being turned on. A stimulus starts

More information

Omar Sami. Muhammad Abid. Muhammad khatatbeh

Omar Sami. Muhammad Abid. Muhammad khatatbeh 10 Omar Sami Muhammad Abid Muhammad khatatbeh Let s shock the world In this lecture we are going to cover topics said in previous lectures and then start with the nerve cells (neurons) and the synapses

More information

Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue I. Functions of the Nervous System A. List and describe the five major nervous system functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Divisions of the Nervous System

More information

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

What is Anatomy and Physiology? Introduction BI 212 BI 213 BI 211 Ecosystems Organs / organ systems Cells Organelles Communities Tissues Molecules Populations Organisms Campbell et al. Figure 1.4 Introduction What is Anatomy and Physiology?

More information

Na + K + pump. The beauty of the Na + K + pump. Cotransport. The setup Cotransport the result. Found along the plasma membrane of all cells.

Na + K + pump. The beauty of the Na + K + pump. Cotransport. The setup Cotransport the result. Found along the plasma membrane of all cells. The beauty of the Na + K + pump Na + K + pump Found along the plasma membrane of all cells. Establishes gradients, controls osmotic effects, allows for cotransport Nerve cells have a Na + K + pump and

More information

Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition

Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Two principles about neurons were defined by Ramón y Cajal. The principle of connectional specificity states that, whereas the principle

More information

Notes are online at The Neuron

Notes are online at  The Neuron Notes are online at http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~clovett/neuronotescogs17.pdf A. What is a neuron? The Neuron 1. A neuron is a type of cell that receives and transmits information in the Central Nervous System

More information

NEUROCHEMISTRY Brief Review

NEUROCHEMISTRY Brief Review NEUROCHEMISTRY Brief Review UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS YEAR V SEMINAR VJ Temple 1 Membrane potential Membrane potential:

More information

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE BMP-218 November 4, 2014 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is composed of two primary divisions: 1. CNS - Central Nervous System (Brain + Spinal Cord)

More information

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 9.01 Recitation (R02)

More information

NEURAL TISSUE (NEUROPHYSIOLOGY) PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA

NEURAL TISSUE (NEUROPHYSIOLOGY) PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA Neural Tissue Contains 2 kinds of cells: neurons: cells that send and receive signals neuroglia (glial cells): cells that support and protect neurons Neuron Types Sensory

More information

Mohammad Tarek. Wahab Al-tekreeti Tamer Barakat. Faisal Mohammad

Mohammad Tarek. Wahab Al-tekreeti Tamer Barakat. Faisal Mohammad 15 Mohammad Tarek Wahab Al-tekreeti Tamer Barakat Faisal Mohammad Things to remember Types of synapse: Neuron types and neurotransmitters When it happens between an axon and dendrites it is called axodendritic

More information

Function of the Nervous System

Function of the Nervous System Nervous System Function of the Nervous System Receive sensory information, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands to form a response Composed of neurons (functional unit of the nervous system)

More information

Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition

Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga,, R. B. Ivry,, and G. R. Mangun,, Norton, 2002. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,

More information

Outline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses

Outline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Outline Week 4 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Neurons Neuron structures Types of neurons Electrical activity of neurons Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Synapses Release of

More information

SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION

SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION ZSOLT LIPOSITS 1 NERVE ENDINGS II. Interneuronal communication 2 INTERNEURONAL COMMUNICATION I. ELECTRONIC SYNAPSE GAP JUNCTION II. CHEMICAL SYNAPSE SYNAPSES

More information

Neurochemistry 2. Loewi s experiment

Neurochemistry 2. Loewi s experiment Neurochemistry 2 Loewi s experiment Cengage Learning 2016 AP reaches the axon terminal and activates voltage-gated Ca++ channels (3 major classes). Ca++ influx results in exocytosis of neurotransmitters

More information

Neurons Chapter 7 2/19/2016. Learning Objectives. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System

Neurons Chapter 7 2/19/2016. Learning Objectives. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System Learning Objectives Neurons Chapter 7 Identify and describe the functions of the two main divisions of the nervous system. Differentiate between a neuron and neuroglial cells in terms of structure and

More information

Thursday, January 22, Nerve impulse

Thursday, January 22, Nerve impulse Nerve impulse Transmembrane Potential caused by ions moving through cell membrane at different rates Two main ions of concern Na + - Sodium K + - potassium Cell membrane not freely permeable therefore

More information

BIOLOGY 2050 LECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I (A. IMHOLTZ) FUNDAMENTALS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS TISSUE P1 OF 5

BIOLOGY 2050 LECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I (A. IMHOLTZ) FUNDAMENTALS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS TISSUE P1 OF 5 P1 OF 5 The nervous system controls/coordinates the activities of cells, tissues, & organs. The endocrine system also plays a role in control/coordination. The nervous system is more dominant. Its mechanisms

More information

Department of medical physiology 1 st week

Department of medical physiology 1 st week Department of medical physiology 1 st week Semester: summer Study program: Dental medicine Lecture: RNDr. Soňa Grešová, PhD. Department of medical physiology 1 st week 1. General neurophysiology 2. Central

More information

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Chapter 8 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Eighth Edition Overview: Lines of Communication The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve

More information

Neurotransmitters. Chemical transmission of a nerve signal by neurotransmitters at a synapse

Neurotransmitters. Chemical transmission of a nerve signal by neurotransmitters at a synapse Neurotransmitters A chemical released by one neuron that affects another neuron or an effector organ (e.g., muscle, gland, blood vessel). Neurotransmitters are small molecules that serve as messengers

More information

What are the 6 types of neuroglia and their functions?!

What are the 6 types of neuroglia and their functions?! Warm Up! Take out your 11C Notes What are the 6 types of neuroglia and their functions?! Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal Cells Satellite Cells Schwann Cells Oligodendrocytes Support, brace, & nutrient transfer

More information

Communication within a Neuron

Communication within a Neuron Neuronal Communication, Ph.D. Communication within a Neuron Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons The Membrane Potential The Action Potential Conduction of the Action Potential 1 The withdrawal reflex

More information

The Nervous System. Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output

The Nervous System. Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output The Nervous System Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output The Nervous System 2 Parts of the Nervous System 1. central

More information

EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015

EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 Action Potential Conduction And Neural Organization EE 791-Lecture 2 1 Core-conductor model: In the core-conductor model we approximate an axon or a segment of a dendrite

More information

Anatomy Review. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (

Anatomy Review. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ( Anatomy Review Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction Neurons communicate with other cells at junctions

More information

Synapses. Objectives. Synaptic Relationships Between Neurons. Structure of a Chemical Synapse. Structure of a Chemical Synapse

Synapses. Objectives. Synaptic Relationships Between Neurons. Structure of a Chemical Synapse. Structure of a Chemical Synapse bjectives Synapses s Temporal & Spatial Summation EPSP & IPSP Coding Memory Synapses a nerve signal AP travels to the end of the axon triggers the release of a neurotransmitter stimulates a new wave of

More information

Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1

Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Terms to Know CNS PNS Afferent division Efferent division Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic

More information

Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission. BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross

Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission. BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Review of action potentials Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus Dendrites Cell body In saltatory conduction, the nerve impulses

More information

LESSON 3.3 WORKBOOK. Why does applying pressure relieve pain?

LESSON 3.3 WORKBOOK. Why does applying pressure relieve pain? Postsynaptic potentials small changes in voltage (membrane potential) due to the binding of neurotransmitter. Receptor-gated ion channels ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a

More information

Elizabeth Biopsychology (PSY 302) The Synapses 08/29/2017. The Synapses

Elizabeth Biopsychology (PSY 302) The Synapses 08/29/2017. The Synapses Elizabeth Biopsychology (PSY 302) The Synapses 08/29/2017 The Synapses Conduction of a Depolarization o In dendrites: passive propagation : There is attenuation of signal transmission -Further away they

More information

Neural Tissue. Chapter 12 Part B

Neural Tissue. Chapter 12 Part B Neural Tissue Chapter 12 Part B CNS Tumors - Neurons stop dividing at age 4 but glial cells retain the capacity to divide. - Primary CNS tumors in adults- division of abnormal neuroglia rather than from

More information

Summarized by B.-W. Ku, E. S. Lee, and B.-T. Zhang Biointelligence Laboratory, Seoul National University.

Summarized by B.-W. Ku, E. S. Lee, and B.-T. Zhang Biointelligence Laboratory, Seoul National University. Chapter 2. The Cellular l and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 3 rd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2008. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,

More information

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CHAPTER 3 1 LEARNING GOALS Discuss how the nervous system communicates internally. Describe the structure and function of neurons Describe how the neuron transmits information Describe

More information

Autonomic Nervous System. Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry

Autonomic Nervous System. Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry Autonomic Nervous System Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry Peripheral Nervous System A. Sensory Somatic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous System 1. Sympathetic Nervous

More information

Ion Channels Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com)

Ion Channels Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Ion Channels Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction At synapses, ions move across cell membranes through

More information

Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue I. Functions and divisions of the nervous system A. Sensory input: monitor changes in internal and external environment B. Integrations: make decisions about

More information

Cell communication. Gated ion channels. Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open

Cell communication. Gated ion channels. Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open increase decrease Cell communication Gated ion channels Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open Triggered by: potential change, chemical binding, temperature change, stretching 1 Voltage-Gated

More information

Cell communication. Gated ion channels. Voltage-Gated Na + Channel. Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open

Cell communication. Gated ion channels. Voltage-Gated Na + Channel. Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open increase decrease Cell communication Gated ion channels Allow specific ions to pass only when gates are open Voltage-Gated Na + Channel Activation gate ECF Triggered by: change, chemical binding, temperature

More information

Ion Channels (Part 2)

Ion Channels (Part 2) Ion Channels (Part 2) Graphics are used with permission of : adam.com (http://www.adam.com/) Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co (http://www.awl.com/bc) -57- Quiz Question #2: Ion Channels This question asks

More information

Endocrine System Nervous System

Endocrine System Nervous System Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast

More information

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Synapses and Neurotransmitters Synapses and Neurotransmitters Action Potentials We have been talking about action potentials and how they allow an electrical impulse to travel from the dendrites to the end plates of a neuron. These

More information

LESSON 3.3 WORKBOOK. Why does applying pressure relieve pain? Workbook. Postsynaptic potentials

LESSON 3.3 WORKBOOK. Why does applying pressure relieve pain? Workbook. Postsynaptic potentials Depolarize to decrease the resting membrane potential. Decreasing membrane potential means that the membrane potential is becoming more positive. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) graded postsynaptic

More information

Biol 219 Lec 12 Fall 2016

Biol 219 Lec 12 Fall 2016 Cell-to-Cell: Neurons Communicate at Synapses Electrical synapses pass electrical signals through gap junctions Signal can be bi-directional Synchronizes the activity of a network of cells Primarily in

More information

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 1

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 1 SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 1 I. OVERVIEW A. In order to pass and process information and mediate responses cells communicate with other cells. These notes examine the two means whereby excitable cells can rapidly

More information

Structure of a Neuron:

Structure of a Neuron: Structure of a Neuron: At the dendrite the incoming signals arrive (incoming currents) At the soma current are finally integrated. At the axon hillock action potential are generated if the potential crosses

More information

Notes: Synapse. Overview. PSYC Summer Professor Claffey PDF. Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the

Notes: Synapse. Overview. PSYC Summer Professor Claffey PDF. Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the PSYC 170 - Summer 2013 - Professor Claffey Notes: Synapse PDF Overview Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the - chemical signal is the Presynaptic - refers to that sends/receives

More information

Psych 181: Dr. Anagnostaras

Psych 181: Dr. Anagnostaras Psych 181: Dr. Anagnostaras Lecture 5 Synaptic Transmission Introduction to synaptic transmission Synapses (Gk., to clasp or join) Site of action of most psychoactive drugs 6.5 1 Synapses Know basic terminology:

More information

35-2 The Nervous System Slide 1 of 38

35-2 The Nervous System Slide 1 of 38 1 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. 2 of 38 Neurons Neurons The messages carried by

More information

QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 7 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY [THE SYNAPSE AND PHARMACOLOGY]

QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 7 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY [THE SYNAPSE AND PHARMACOLOGY] QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 7 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY [THE SYNAPSE AND PHARMACOLOGY] Learning Objectives: Explain how neurons communicate stimulus intensity Explain how action potentials are conducted along

More information

Test Bank for Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems 8th Edition by Sherwood

Test Bank for Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems 8th Edition by Sherwood Test Bank for Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems 8th Edition by Sherwood Link download full: https://digitalcontentmarket.org/download/test-bankfor-human-physiology-from-cells-to-systems-8thedition-by-sherwood

More information

Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology

Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology 1 2 3 1 Glial Cells Surround neurons and hold them in place Make Myelin (covering for neurons) Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need Absorb toxins and waste

More information

PSY 215 Lecture 3 (1/19/2011) (Synapses & Neurotransmitters) Dr. Achtman PSY 215

PSY 215 Lecture 3 (1/19/2011) (Synapses & Neurotransmitters) Dr. Achtman PSY 215 Corrections: None needed. PSY 215 Lecture 3 Topic: Synapses & Neurotransmitters Chapters 2 & 3, pages 40-57 Lecture Notes: SYNAPSES & NEUROTRANSMITTERS, CHAPTER 3 Action Potential (above diagram found

More information

Synaptic Transmission

Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Transmission Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction Synaptic transmission involves the release

More information

Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1

Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Overview of the Nervous System The nervous system, along with the endocrine system, helps to keep controlled conditions within limits

More information