Chapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons. Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire
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1 Chapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire
2 The Chemical Synapse The most common type of synapse used for signal transmission in the central nervous system
3 Anatomy of a Chemical Synapse Soma - Main body of a neuron Axon - Extensions from the soma into a peripheral nerve that leaves the spinal cord Dendrites: Numerous branching projections from the soma
4 Transmission of Signals The first neuron converts the electrical signal into a chemical one The first neuron secretes a neurotransmitter to stimulate the second neuron The neurotransmitter is sent across the synaptic cleft Where it binds with proteins in the membrane of the second neuron that stimulates the neuron It can excite, inhibit, or modify its sensitivity in some other way One way conduction This allows for signals to be directed towards specific goals
5 Mitochondria provide ATP for the synthesis of neurotransmitters Transmitter vesicles contain transmitter substances that are released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis The release of neurotransmitters is caused when an action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane, opening voltagegated calcium channels This activates proteins that promote the fusion of the vesicles to the membrane, Presynaptic Terminals
6 Which of the following voltage-gated ion channels open in response to an action potential in the presynaptic terminal? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Chloride
7 Postsynaptic Potentials A change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell caused by the action of neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell
8 Postsynaptic Potentials Excitatory (EPSP) Open Na+ channels (influx) Inhibitory (IPSP) Open K+ (outflow) and Cl- (inflow) channels Inhibit K+ & Cl- channels Hyperpolarizes membrane Begin to depolarize membrane Inhibits ability to generate action potentials May lead to action potentials
9 Fig 45-9
10 Fig 45-11
11 Summation Spatial Temporal Additive effect of stimuli from various axons Transmission of an impulse by simultaneous or nearly simultaneous stimulation of two or more presynaptic neurons -Two separate neurons firing separated by space Additive effect of successive stimuli from an axon Transmission of an impulse by rapid stimulation of one or more presynaptic neurons -Same neuron firing, separated by time
12 Fig 45-10
13
14 True or False Temporal Summation occurs when a second postsynaptic potential (excitatory or inhibitory) arrives before the membrane has returned to its resting level.
15 Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
16 Characteristics of synaptic transmission Fatigue When synapses are repetitively stimulated at a rapid rate, the response of the postsynaptic neuron diminishes over time, and the synapse is said to be fatigued Mainly a result of INCREASED BUILD-UP of CALCIUM in the synaptic bouton and an inability to replenish the supply of NT agent rapidly Effect of PH More acidic ph values --> DECREASE excitability More basic ph values ---> INCREASE neuronal activity
17 Characteristics of synaptic transmission Effect of hypoxia Neuronal excitability is highly dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen. Cessation of oxygen for only a few seconds can cause complete inexcitability of some neurons. This is observed when the brain s blood flow is temporarily interrupted, because within 3 to 7 seconds, the person becomes unconscious. Effect of anesthetics Most anesthetics increase the neuronal membrane threshold for excitation and thereby decrease synaptic transmission at many points in the nervous system. Because many of the anesthetics are especially lipidsoluble, it has been reasoned that some of them might change the physical characteristics of the neuronal membranes, making them less responsive to excitatory agents. A decrease in the supply of OXYGEN -->diminishes synaptic activity
18 Types of Neurotransmitters
19 Group 1: Small, Rapidly Acting General mode of action is to either alter ion channel conductance OR stimulate receptor-activated enzyme systems Synthesized in the cytosol of presynaptic terminals and stored in secretory vesicles Examples: Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acid derivatives, and nitric oxide
20 Acetylcholine Location: All neuromuscular junctions, many CNS neurons, preganglionic neurons of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons of PSNS, some SNS Action: Typically excitatory, some inhibitory effects in PSNS
21
22 Biogenic Amines Dopamine Location: Midbrain Action: Usually inhibitory Norepinephrine Location: Many CNS neurons, also in most postganglionic neurons of SNS Action: Excitatory or inhibitory depending on the target Serotonin Location: Brainstem Action: Inhibitory
23 Amino Acids & Derivatives Glutamate Location: Secreted by presynaptic terminals in many of the sensory pathways entering the CNS Action: Fast excitatory synapses of brain, fast-pain fibers in spinal cord, plays a role in strokes
24 Nitric Oxide Location: Nerve terminals in brain related to long-term behavior and memory Action: Synthesized as needed (not stored) Readily diffuses through membranes Doesn t significantly directly alter membrane potential Modifies intracellular metabolic activity of postsynaptic neurons to affect neuronal excitability
25 Group 2: Neuropeptides Often hormones or releasing/inhibiting factors Characteristics: More potent than fast acting transmitters Smaller quantities produced Actions more prolonged Synthesis: Synthesized in neuron cell bodies, packaged by Golgi apparatus and transported down the axon to the terminal Then stored/exocytosed in secretory vesicles
26 Clearance of Neurotransmitters Enzymatic Degradation (example - acetylcholine) Vesicles are Recycled - Once they release their neurotransmitters, they temporarily become part of the membrane. The vesicle portion then recedes back into the presynaptic terminal and pinches off to form a new vesicle The new vesicle still contains the appropriate materials for synthesizing new transmitter substances
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