Session ID: 1011 June 16, Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS APNA 10 th Annual Clinical Psychopharmacology aco ogy Institute June 14-17, 2012 Reston, VA

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1 Child and Adolescent Psychopharm Considerations Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS APNA 10 th Annual Clinical Psychopharmacology aco ogy Institute tute June 14-17, 2012 Reston, VA This speaker has no conflict of interest to disclose but will discuss off label use of medication. Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 1

2 DOMAINS BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 2

3 Review of Brain Maturation and Neurodevelopment Complex process involving : Neuronal migration Brain volume Specialization of areas of the brain White matter/myelination completion Pruning and planned cell death Dendritic Arborization This elegant complicated process is not completed until end of adolescence or even later Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 3

4 Effects Over Time of Brain Development of Medications Unknown effects on neurotransmitters over time on dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenergic receptors in a developing organism Role of Development in Responses to Medications Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 4

5 While drug doses are empirically determined, there are differences in pharmacokinetics in children vs. adults Children and Adolescents Require Higher Weight-Adjusted Dose vs. Adults A result of shorter half-lives owing to increased metabolism and excretion in youth Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 5

6 Absorption Different in Children vs. Adults Children Less acid in stomach Less microflora in the gut gut transit times Distribution of Drugs Children Children More fat stores up to age one year and then decreases up to puberty Less body fat than adults More extracellular water This results, for example, in lower lithium levels in children on the same mg/kg dosage Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 6

7 Genomics Genetics and family history Scientists believe that many mental disorders result from the complex interplay of multiple genes with diverse environmental factors. Family studies, often with identical twins who share the same genes, have provided evidence of genetic contributions to depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, and other mental disorders. Even for those with genetic risk, however, environmental factors can play a significant role in whether or not a person develops a disorder, or the severity of an illness. Genomics CDC Activities CDC's Office of Public Health Genomics funds the Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP ) Working Group, an independent, multidisciplinary, non-federal panel that is developing methods for systematic, evidence-based evaluation of genetic tests and genomics applications that are in transition from research to practice. Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 7

8 Pharmacogenetics Psychological Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 8

9 WHO ARE WE TREATING AND WHY ARE WE TREATING? Essential that psychotropic medications address primary and significant ifi psychiatric i problems in children Not treating parents Not treating schools Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 9

10 Children and adolescents never present on their own Differences in reports of problems in child patient, parent, and the teacher. These differences need to be reconciled. For example, more disruptive behaviors are reported by parents and teachers. Mood and anxiety symptoms are more often reported by children. Specifically, suicidal ideation is more often reported by children and adolescents. CONSENT, ASSENT, AND PARTNERSHIP Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 10

11 Consent for mental health care required in children at different ages depending on state law Should also in younger children obtain assent Integration of Data from Multiple Informants regarding Target Symptoms and Side Effects Patient Parents Mom Dad Guardian Teachers Others Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 11

12 Role of Caregivers and the Meaning of Medication Psychopharmacology in Context of Other Treatments When given meds and psychotherapy, even when better response with psychotherapy, kids tend to think meds cause improvement Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 12

13 COMPLIANCE ISSUES AND A DEVELOPMENTAL REFERENCE Major compliance issues in children and adolescents Adherence Issues What is the difference????? Need to explain costs and benefits to a child in a developmentally sensitive manner Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 13

14 SOCIOLOGICAL NORMAL DISORDER Presentation in advertising Are problems treated that don t need treatment that cause side effects that require more treatment Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 14

15 ARE WE OVER MEDICATING CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES? Rx Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 15

16 Psychotropic Medication in Youth % in US 2.9% in the Netherlands 2.0% in Germany Zito, 2008 INCREASED RATES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AND PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATION PRESCRIPTION IN FOSTER CHILDREN Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 16

17 HOW LONG DO WE TREAT CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS WITH MEDICATION? EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 17

18 Direct-to-consumer advertising - the promotion of prescription drugs through newspaper, magazine, television and internet marketing - along with brochures, videos given to patients from medical providers offices US and? DIRECT TO CONSUMER DIRECT TO CONSUMER ADVERTISING Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 18

19 Eid Evidence Based Practice Studies in Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Pharmaceutical company sponsored studies.. RUPP TADS PATS MTA TEOSS CAMS TORDIA AUTISM STUDY Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 19

20 Business ethics, whose main concerns are profit and legal operation, collide with medical ethics, which are directed to the patient's benefit, when academic research is dependent on industry money. We must formulate and enforce a new set of rules to restore doctors' credibility Research on drug studies repeatedly shows that drug trial results are tilted toward a positive description of the drug's effects when the research is funded by a drug company rather than the government or an independent agency Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 20

21 Pediatric Psychopharmacology Increased Public Concern Questions of over-medication and over-diagnosis Since 2003, FDA has issued separate warnings regarding Antidepressants (suicidality) Atypical antipsychotics (metabolic problems) Stimulants (potential for sudden death and cardiovascular problems) Atomoxetine (suicidality) Antiepileptics (suicidality) Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 21

22 Orphans of Pharmacological Research Off label use Over-dosing Under-dosing Efficacy Safety Research Most medication used to treat children and adolescents, especially young children are used off-label FDA and NIH are developing and encouraging new research approaches Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 22

23 COMPLIMENTARY MEDICINE More and more common. Polypharmacy Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 23

24 Side Effects: Clinical Experience vs. Textbook Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 24

25 Inside of me there is creativity running through my body like a river, flowing into a lake. Inside of me is a purring cat happy to be petted, playful and curious. Inside of me is a castle on a hill surrounded by trees. Sometimes at war with an army of knights, sometimes in peace with the enemy. Inside of me a tree grows unharmed, branches reaching out as far as they can, roots growing down to good soil. Inside of me a key waits for someone to unlock the chest and free the treasure. Mike Uhrich h Grade 6 Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 25

26 Book Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health: A Resource for Advanced Practice Psychiatric and Primary Care Practitioners in Nursing [Paperback] Edilma L. Yearwood (Editor), Geraldine S. Pearson (Editor), Jamesetta A. Newland (Editor) Wiley-Blackwell, 2012 References Wiley-Blackwell (2010, April 20). Psychotropic medications overprescribed to children, study suggests. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from /releases/2010/04/ htm Vitiello, B. Research in child and adolescent psychopharmacology: recent accomplishments and new challenges Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 191:5-13 Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 26

27 Favorite Resources Journals -American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry y (orange journal) -Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Newsletters -The Brown University: Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology UPDATE -Child & Adolescent PSYCHIATRY ALERTS -Child& Adolescent Psychopharmacology News -NeuroPsychiatry Reviews Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 27

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGICAL. Session ID: 1011 June 16, Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 1. This speaker has no conflict of interest to

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGICAL. Session ID: 1011 June 16, Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS 1. This speaker has no conflict of interest to Child and Adolescent Psychopharm Considerations Patti Varley, ARNP, MN, CS APNA 10 th Annual Clinical Psychopharmacology Institute June 14-17, 2012 Reston, VA This speaker has no conflict of interest to

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