Bio 3411 Midterm Review:
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1 Bio 3411 Midterm Review: Structure/Development/Systems/ Plastics/Talents/Diseases/Genes Structure General Overview Wednesday October 26, THE BRAIN ATLAS 3 rd ed, p. 8! THE BRAIN ATLAS 3 rd ed, p. 9! Mid-line (sagittal) section through central nervous system (CNS). Note the The different regions of the brain from the lateral (side) and median section (middle) human brain. These brain regions are discernable in in all vertebrates and in early embryos.!! (cerebral cortex = gold; thalamus = blue/purple; midbrain = orange; pons = purple, cerebellum = blue; medulla = red/orange; spinal cord = green)! relationship between vertebrae (BLACK), segments of the spinal cord (RED) and spinal nerves (YELLOW).! 3 4 1
2 Photograph of neurons stained by Golgi s method which fills processes of some cells with black precipitates of heavy metals and Nissl which stains all nuclei and neuronal cytoplasm blue.! 5 A neuron grown in tissue culture that is stained with antibodies for pre and post synaptic proteins. Red shows presynaptic and green shows postsynaptic localization. Yellow indicates close proximity of the two at synapses. This picture indicates the number, distribution and density of synapses on a nerve cell the role of which is to integrate information from many sources.! 6 Development 7 8 2
3 9 10 Robo acts as a receptor for a midline repulsive cue Human ROBO Mutation causes HGPPS (Horizontal Gaze Palsy with Progressive Scoliosis) Jen, et al., 2004 Drosophila robo disrupts longitudinal tract formation (horizontal gaze palsy) 11 (reduced hindbrain volume) (scoliosis) 12 3
4 Segmental nerve: (posterior (dorsal) root = sensory - touch; anterior (ventral) root = motor -movement; spinal or posterior (dorsal) root ganglion = sensory nerve cell bodies)! Periphery (skin, muscle, etc.)! Spinal cord! Systems Mixed spinal nerve! front = anterior! back = posterior! THE BRAIN ATLAS 3 rd ed, p. 183! THE BRAIN ATLAS 3 rd ed, pp. 20, 201 Face Hand Body Foot 15 October ! Bio 3411 Mid Term Review! 16! 4
5 Sources of Descending Pathways for Movement Control! Broca s! area! Movement! Touch! Angular! gyrus! Vision! Hearing! Wernicke s! area! Special Talents Albert Einstein! for my scientific thinking words do not seem to play any role! but there is associative play of more or less clear images of a visual and muscular type.!
6 Normal Adult! Plastics Most Whiskers Removed at Birth! A Row of Whiskers Removed at Birth! An Arc of Whiskers Removed at Birth! Martin et al (1996) Brain 119:1183; 119:1199. Before prism goggles,! tosses hit target! With prism goggles on, tosses are slowly corrected to hit target.! With prism goggles off, tosses are slowly corrected to hit target.! Diseases
7 Neuroscience, Fig 15.1, p. 372! Sites of self stimulation in the rat (arrows)! Descending systems from the brain influence cells in the spinal cord to create movements. The cerebellum and the basal ganglia indirectly influence movements as indicated schematically here.! Genes
8 Bio 3411 Victor McKusick organized a catalog of human inherited conditions first published in Since then the number has grown approximately 15 fold. Of these, an increasing number of conditions has been identified as having some component related to the nervous system.!! From:! McKusick 2001 JAMA! From: Bellugi et al 2001 TINS Added After Lecture 10/28/05! October Bio 3411 Mid Term Review 29 October ! 31 October Bio 3411 Mid Term Review! 30! Bio 3411 Mid Term Review 32 Summary October Bio 3411 Mid Term Review 8
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