Nervous System. Lesson 11
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1 Nervous System Lesson 11
2 Reflex Arcs 1. Patellar reflex Causes leg to kick up 2. Achilles reflex Causes foot to jerk forward 3. Triceps reflex Causes arm to straighten 4. Babinski reflex 4. Pupil Dilation Reflex Causes pupil to dilate in the dark and constrict in light
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5 Learning Goals 1. How is the nervous system divided? 2. What are the components of a neuron? 3. How does a neural circuit work? 4. What is a reflex arc?
6 Organization of the Nervous System Nervous System: complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to the body 2 functional systems: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves that carry information between organs and CNS
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8 Peripheral Nervous System 1. Sensory (afferent) somatic nerves à relay information about environment to CNS a) Somatic b) Autonomic 2. Motor (efferent) somatic nerves à initiate an appropriate response
9 Peripheral Nervous System 1. Somatic system à skeletal muscle, skin, sensory organs (voluntary) 2. Autonomic system à internal organ control i.e. smooth muscles and glands (involuntary) a) Sympathetic à nerve cells that prepare body for stress ( fight or flight ) b) Parasympathetic à nerve cells that return the body to a normal state after stress ( rest or digest )
10 Neuron (nerve cell) Specialized nerve cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system Allows organisms to receive and respond to both internal and external stimuli 3 main parts 1. Dendrites receive information à Cell body 2. Cell body information is transmitted away from the body à axon 3. Axon information is sent along the axon à neuron, muscle, organ, gland
11 The neuron (nerve cell) A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system 1. Cell body Contains nucleus and most cell organelles 2. Dendrites Highly branched projections that receive signals and transmits them towards the cell body 3. Axons Conducts signals towards another neuron or an effector 4. Axon terminal Enables the signals to the transmitted from one neuron to another or an effector
12 The neuron (nerve cell) 5. Nucleus Organelle where DNA is stored 6. Schwann cells A glial cell; form tightly wrapped layers of plasma membrane called myelin sheath Glial cells: Contains nucleus and most cell organelles; do not conduct signals; provide support and nutrients to neurons 7. Myelin sheath Fatty protein that acts as electrical insulators and help increase speed of impulses 8. Nodes of Ranvier Gap between Schwann cells which expose the axon directly to extracellular fluids
13 Neural Circuit Consists of 5 components: 1. Receptor Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors on afferent neurons 2. Afferent neuron (sensor) Transmission (movement)of a message along afferent neurons to interneurons 3. Interneuron Interpretation of neural messages in the CNS and determination of the appropriate response 4. Efferent neuron (motor) Efferent neurons transmit response signals from interneurons to effectors 5. Effector Transmission of neural message to effectors (i.e. skeletal muscles, glands, organs), where appropriate action occurs
14 Reflex Arc Simplest nerve circuit pathway Allows quick reaction using a neural circuit through the spinal cord Governs a number of common body responses, especially those which are repeated (e.g., breathing, heartbeat, sweat gland secretion, etc.) Does not involve the brain However, interneurons connected to reflex circuits also send signals to the brain, making an individual aware of the stimulus that caused the reflex
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16 Summary 1. How is the nervous system divided? CNS and PNS 2. What are the components of a neuron? Dendrite à cell body à axon 3. How does a neural circuit work? Stimuli à afferent neuron à interneuron à efferent neuron à response 4. What is a reflex arc? Neural pathway that controls a reflex (a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus)
17 Homework Worksheet questions
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