Lecture: Introduction to nervous system development
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1 Lecture: Introduction to nervous system development Prof. Ilan Davis, Department of Biochemistry. Wellcome Senior Research Fellow Senior Research Fellow, Jesus College
2 References Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition Authors: Alberts et al. Chapter 21: Development of Multicellular Organisms Principles of Neurobiology, 1st Edition Author: Liqun Luo ISBN: For movies: (click on student and register for resources)
3 Content of lectures 3 1. How does the human brain develop? 2. Janelia Research Campus 3. The brain initiative 4. The human brain and MRI 5. The mouse brain 6. The steps of brain development in a nutshell 7. The anatomy of neurons 8. Axon pathfinding 9. Memory and learning 10. Synaptic plasticity and localised translation 11. Optogenetics
4 How does the human brain develop and function in health and disease? neurons connections
5
6 The Brain initiative
7 The human brain
8 Using MRI scanning to record brain activity in humans Major drawbacks: Poor resolution - single cell imaging not possible Poor specificity - imaging specific molecules not possible
9 The mouse brain
10 Regions of the mammalian brain are organised into layers Camillo Golgi Ramon Y Cajal Brainbow Silver Nitride stain Randomly expressed red, green and blue fluorescent proteins
11 Brain development and function? Specify the correct neurons in the right place Create appropriate circuits - axon path finding Modulate the connections Synaptic plasticity Human brain: ~10 10 neurons ~10 14 synapses
12 Brain development in a nutshell
13 Typical mammalian neutron and glia
14 There are many types of neurons
15 Axon pathfinding in Xenopus
16 Cytoskeleton and molecular motors in neurons
17 Memory What is the molecular mechanism of memory formation? Known Unknown
18 The organisation of the human central nervous system (CNS)
19 Long term potentiation (LTP) Figure Legend: (A) Experimental setup. The stimulating electrode was placed at the perforant path, which consists of axons that innervate dentate gyrus granule cells. A second electrode was placed near the granule cell bodies to record the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fepsp), which represents the collective EPSPs from the population of granule cells near the recording electrode. Axons of dentate gyrus granule cells form the mossy fibers. (B) High-frequency stimulations (downward arrows, each representing 10 s of 15-Hz stimulation) caused an increase in the amplitude of fepsps produced afterward by single stimuli (green dots) compared to controls (yellow dots, no highfrequency stimulation). (Adapted from Bliss TVP & Lomo T [1973] J Physiol 232: With permission from The Physiological Society.)
20 Synaptic plasticity Dendrite Inhibitory input Axon Axons Excitatory input Dendrite Dendrite New connection Strengthen or weaken existing connection
21 Live cell imaging of the NMJ during chemical activation (assay for synaptic plasticity) Ataman et.al 2006 Lu Yang and mcd8-gfp Ilan Davis in (unpublished) motorneurons Richard Parton Ataman et al Neuron
22 Much is known about LTP and synaptic plasticity at the molecular level Dlg CamKII Scaffolding Vesicles Membranes Neurotransmitters Ion receptors Calcium channels Calcium binding Signalling Actin Microtubules Translation machinery Calabrese et al DOI: /physiol
23 The big unknowns Dendrites Axon 1) Synapses in different parts of cell are modulated independently 2) Distance from cell body to synapses too large for transcriptional regulation
24 Hypothesis: local translation Dendrites Axon 1) mrnas present at dendrite and axon termini 2) Local translation of pre-synaptic mrna
25 Arc mrna moves into dendrites in response to neuronal activation Sections of mouse brains O Steward (2001) PNAS Colloquium. A cellular mechanism for targeting newly synthesized mrnas to synaptic sites on dendrites
26 More support for the hypothesis Wang et al and Kelsey C. Martin. (2009) Synapse- and stimulus-specific local translation during long-term neuronal plasticity, Science, 324, , Susanne tom Dieck, Cyril Hanus, and Erin M. Schuman (2014) Neuron 81: e1 SnapShot: Local Protein Translation in Dendrites Toshiaki Shigeoka et al, and Christine E. Holt (2016) Cell 166: 181. Dynamic Axonal Translation in Developing and Mature Visual Circuits.
27 How does optogenetics work? A light sensitive ion channel cloned from algae into transgenic flies The channel rhodopsin is expressed in a specific set of neurones using the GAL4/UAS system ion channel opens when exposed to blue light A flash of blue light causes the neurones to fire
28 Optogenetics - channel rhodopsin Wild type control Thomas Germe and Ilan Davis
29 Thanks Any questions?
30 Copyright Notice Staff and students of this university are reminded that copyright subsists in a number of diagrams in this presentation, and the work from which it was taken. This Digital Copy has been made under the terms of a CLA licence which allows you to: - access and download a copy; - print out a copy. The Digital Copy and any digital or printed copy supplied to or made by you under the terms of this Licence are for use in connection with this Course of Study. You may retain such copies after the end of the course, but strictly for your own use. All copies (including electronic ones) shall include this Copyright Notice and shall be destroyed and/or deleted if and when required by the University. Except as provided for by copyright law, no further copying, storage or distribution (including by ) is permitted without the consent of the copyright holder. The author (which term includes artists and other visual creators) has moral rights in the work and neither staff nor students may cause, or permit, the distortion, mutilation or other modification of the work, or any other derogatory treatment of it, which would be prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the author. Course of Study: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Year 3 Name of Designated Person authorising scanning: Prof. Ilan Davis All textbooks and individual references to primary or review papers in this lecture 30
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