8/13/2009. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Shapes. Domain Bacteria Characteristics

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "8/13/2009. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Shapes. Domain Bacteria Characteristics"

Transcription

1 Disease Diseases I. Bacteria II. Viruses including Biol 105 Lecture 17 Chapter 13a are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic 2. Lack a membrane-bound nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles 3. Have ribosomes, but different that eukaryotic 4. Generally have a single chromosome Domain Bacteria Characteristics Bacteria Shapes 5. Cell wall present in many species 6. Reproduction by binary fission 7. Great metabolic diversity 1. Coccus spherical 2. Bacillus rod 3. Spirilla spiral shaped 1

2 Figure 13a.1a Figure 13a.1b Some Bacteria can Cause Disease Disease caused by bacteria are caused by: Toxins or enzymes released by the bacteria By the response of the host Figure 13a.1c Pathogenic Bacteria Beneficial Bacteria Some Escherichia coli cause health problems vomiting and diarrhea, may cause kidney failure Clostridium botulinum bacteria produce the toxin that causes botulism, interferes with nerve function Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria that uses deer ticks to move from host to host, causes Lyme disease Examples of Beneficial Bacteria: Lactobacillus Nitrogen fixing bacteria Phosphorus fixing bacteria Normal flora in body 2

3 Antibiotics Designing Antibiotics Chemicals that inhibit the growth of microorganisms What target would you use to design an antibiotic? They work by disrupting the processes that are common to bacteria but not to human cells Antibiotic resistance Bacteria populations can rapidly mutate, antibiotic resistance can result The few bacteria that mutate and are resistant to antibiotics will repopulate the area with antibiotic resistant bacteria The overuse and misuse of antibiotics are largely to blame for increasing antibiotic resistance Viruses Viruses are responsible for many illnesses including colds. Antibiotics do not kill viruses When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, the drugs are no longer effective Virus Characteristics Typical Virus 1. Non cellular 2. Not living organisms 3. Have genetic material (DNA or RNA) Many have a protein coat = capsid Some have a fatty membrane = envelope with glycoproteins Are very small Viruses may remain inactive or latent in the host for many years. (a) Glycoprotein Envelope Capsid Viral DNA Figure 13a.3a 3

4 Virus Replication Steps Viral Replication 1. Attach to a host cell 2. Penetrate host cell by endocytosis 3. Production of genetic material and proteins (Transcription and Translation) 4. Assemble new viral particles 5. Release by budding or by rupturing host cell Step 1: Attachment The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the host cell. This is responsible for host specificity. (b) Plasma membrane of host cell Step 2: Penetration All or part of the virus enters the host cell. With animal cells, the entire virus enters the cell. Step 3: Production of viral genetic information and proteins The virus directs structures in the host cell to make parts of new viruses. Step 4: Assembly of new viruses Newly synthesized viral genetic information and proteins are used to form new viruses. Step 5: Release New viruses leave the cell. Some viruses leave by a process called budding (or shedding), as shown here. Figure 13a.3b Human Immunodeficiency () is the virus responsible for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) The virus contains: mrna Enzymes including: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease is a Retrovirus has RNA It uses reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA and AIDS AIDS: A Global Epidemic Viral proteins surrounding the core s genetic information is in the form of RNA. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that rewrites s RNA as DNA. At the end of 2007, from 30.6 to 36.1 million people globally were living with an infection Africa is currently the area hardest hit by More than 22.5 million people there were living with /AIDS in 2007 Core proteins The envelope comes from the cell membrane of the previous host cell. The tip of s protein spike fits into receptors on the host cell, allowing to enter the cell. s protein spikes are embedded in the envelope of. Figure 17a.7 PLAY AIDS in South Africa 4

5 Virus Replication Steps Virus Replication Steps 1. Glycoproteins on envelope bind to CD4 receptors on a host cell = helper T cell 2. Penetrate host cell by endocytosis 3. Uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to turn its mrna into DNA 4. Uses the enzyme integrase to integrate the viral DNA into the host DNA 5. Transcribes viral DNA to make mrna 6. Translates viral mrna to make viral proteins Virus Replication Steps 7. Uses the enzyme protease to assemble new viral particles 8. Release by budding attacks the helper T cells. Not only does the attack the helper T cells but they hijack them so they are produce more viruses Replication Why can t we fight like we do other viruses? It multiplies in the immune system and attacks the immune system, making fighting it harder It mutates rapidly so it is hard fight Figure 17a.8 5

6 Treatments For a period of time the viral DNA may not be transcribed, or will be transcribed at a low rate. There is no cure. These treatments can slow the spread of the virus in the body but not completely get rid of it Then the T cell will begin to transcribe the viral DNA at a high rate There are drugs that work to slow the progress of in the body. Treatments What targets would you use to design an drug? Treatments drugs: 1. Fusion inhibitors 2. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 3. Protease inhibitors 4. Integrase inhibitors 5. entry inhibitors Transmission and AIDS Found in all bodily secretions Transmitted by blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk Major modes of transmission Unprotected sexual contact Contact with contaminated blood From an infected mother to her fetus and through breast milk 6

7 Important Concepts Important Concepts Read Chapter 14 for next lecture What are the characteristics of bacteria? What are the shapes of bacteria (latin names)? How do bacteria cause disease? What are examples of pathogenic bacteria? What are examples of beneficial bacteria? Be able to discuss antibiotic resistance, including the causes and effects. How would you design an antibiotic, what target would you use? What are characteristics of viruses? What are the steps of viral replication, be able to discuss in detail viral replication? Important Concepts What enzymes and genetic material do particles have and what is their function? How would you design drugs what targets would you attach, what are the classes of drugs currently available? Definitions Pathogen, binary fission, antibiotics, capsid, envelope, glycoproteins, latent, integrase, reverse transcriptase and protease, retrovirus How is spread? 7

I. Bacteria II. Viruses including HIV. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. 5. Cell wall present in many species. 6. Reproduction by binary fission

I. Bacteria II. Viruses including HIV. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. 5. Cell wall present in many species. 6. Reproduction by binary fission Disease Diseases I. Bacteria II. Viruses including are disease-causing organisms Biol 105 Lecture 17 Chapter 13a Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic 2. Lack a membrane-bound

More information

5/6/17. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms

5/6/17. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms 5/6/17 Disease Diseases I. II. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Biol 105 Chapter 13a Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic.

More information

11/15/2011. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Viral Genomes. Structural Features and Characteristics

11/15/2011. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Viral Genomes. Structural Features and Characteristics Chapter 19 - Viruses Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV II. Prions The Good the Bad and the Ugly Viruses fit into the bad category

More information

19 Viruses BIOLOGY. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Structural Features and Characteristics

19 Viruses BIOLOGY. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Structural Features and Characteristics 9 Viruses CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV Lecture Presentation

More information

Chapter 08 Lecture Outline

Chapter 08 Lecture Outline Chapter 08 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction

More information

Lecture 2: Virology. I. Background

Lecture 2: Virology. I. Background Lecture 2: Virology I. Background A. Properties 1. Simple biological systems a. Aggregates of nucleic acids and protein 2. Non-living a. Cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of a

More information

Chapter 21: Prokaryotes & Viruses

Chapter 21: Prokaryotes & Viruses Chapter 21: Prokaryotes & Viruses Microorganisms Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope Bacteria are the smallest living organisms Viruses are smaller but are not alive

More information

Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003

Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Viruses Virology-study of viruses Characteristics: acellular obligate intracellular parasites no ribosomes or means

More information

LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK. Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV

LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK. Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV In the last two lessons we discussed the how the viral life cycle causes host cell damage. But is there anything we can do to prevent

More information

Starting with MICROBIOLOGY

Starting with MICROBIOLOGY Starting with MICROBIOLOGY Micro means very small and biology is the study of living things. Microbes are the oldest form of life on Earth. They've been here for 3.8 billion years! Microbes live everywhere.

More information

AP Biology Reading Guide. Concept 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

AP Biology Reading Guide. Concept 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 19: Viruses Overview Experimental work with viruses has provided important evidence that genes are made of nucleic acids. Viruses were also important in working out

More information

VIRUSES. 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart.

VIRUSES. 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart. AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR VIRUSES 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart. Viral Part Description of Part 2. Some viruses have an envelope

More information

Unit 13.2: Viruses. Vocabulary capsid latency vaccine virion

Unit 13.2: Viruses. Vocabulary capsid latency vaccine virion Unit 13.2: Viruses Lesson Objectives Describe the structure of viruses. Outline the discovery and origins of viruses. Explain how viruses replicate. Explain how viruses cause human disease. Describe how

More information

Microbiology Chapter 7 Viruses

Microbiology Chapter 7 Viruses Microbiology Chapter 7 Viruses 7:1 Viral Structure and Classification VIRUS: a biological particle composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat CAPSID: protein coat surrounding a

More information

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ) is an infectious disease caused by a retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus(hiv). AIDS is

More information

Size nm m m

Size nm m m 1 Viral size and organization Size 20-250nm 0.000000002m-0.000000025m Virion structure Capsid Core Acellular obligate intracellular parasites Lack organelles, metabolic activities, and reproduction Replicated

More information

1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope

1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope VIRUSES BIOLOGY II VOCABULARY- VIRUSES (22 Words) 1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope 4. Provirus 5. Retrovirus 6. Reverse transcriptase 7. Bacteriophage 8. Lytic Cycle 9. Virulent 10. Lysis 11. Lysogenic Cycle

More information

Viruses. Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to:

Viruses. Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: Name: 3.5 Responses to Stimuli Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 3.5.4 Viruses 1. Explain the problem of defining what a virus is - living or non-living? 2. show you

More information

Microbiology. Microbiology

Microbiology. Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology What are GERMS? What are GERMS? Microorganisms that make you sick (pathogens) There are many different types of microorganisms: Bacteria (strep throat, food poisoning like E.

More information

Biodiversity: prokaryotes & viruses

Biodiversity: prokaryotes & viruses Biodiversity: prokaryotes & viruses All three domains contain microscopic organisms. Focus now: Prokaryotes Prokaryotes in general Asexual, single-celled, no nucleus or organelles, circular DNA Can live

More information

Viral structure م.م رنا مشعل

Viral structure م.م رنا مشعل Viral structure م.م رنا مشعل Viruses must reproduce (replicate) within cells, because they cannot generate energy or synthesize proteins. Because they can reproduce only within cells, viruses are obligate

More information

17a. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues. Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire

17a. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues. Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 17a Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and

More information

Viral reproductive cycle

Viral reproductive cycle Lecture 29: Viruses Lecture outline 11/11/05 Types of viruses Bacteriophage Lytic and lysogenic life cycles viruses viruses Influenza Prions Mad cow disease 0.5 µm Figure 18.4 Viral structure of capsid

More information

AP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size

AP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size Hepatitis Viral diseases Polio Chapter 18. Measles Viral Genetics Influenza: 1918 epidemic 30-40 million deaths world-wide Chicken pox Smallpox Eradicated in 1976 vaccinations ceased in 1980 at risk population?

More information

Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses

Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses 1. Overview of Animal Viruses 2. DNA Viruses 3. RNA Viruses 4. Prions 1. Overview of Animal Viruses Life Cycle of Animal Viruses The basic life cycle stages of animal viruses

More information

Chapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2. Bacteriophages. 3. Animal Viruses. 4. Viroids & Prions

Chapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2. Bacteriophages. 3. Animal Viruses. 4. Viroids & Prions Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction 2. Bacteriophages 3. Animal Viruses 4. Viroids & Prions 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction Chapter Reading pp. 393-396 What exactly is a Virus? Viruses

More information

Virology Introduction. Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment.

Virology Introduction. Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment. DEVH Virology Introduction Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment. Definitions Virology: The science which study the

More information

1/29/2013. Viruses and Bacteria. Infectious Disease. Pathogens cause disease by: Chapters 16 and 17

1/29/2013. Viruses and Bacteria. Infectious Disease. Pathogens cause disease by: Chapters 16 and 17 Viruses and Bacteria Chapters 16 and 17 Infectious Disease Caused by the invasion of a host by agents whose activities harm the host s tissues Can be transmitted to others Pathogen microorganisms that

More information

Bacteria to Plants: Chapter 2: Viruses and Bacteria Study Guide

Bacteria to Plants: Chapter 2: Viruses and Bacteria Study Guide Name: Class: Date: Bacteria to Plants: Chapter 2: Viruses and Bacteria Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Please use

More information

Chapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. What exactly is a Virus? 11/7/ Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2.

Chapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. What exactly is a Virus? 11/7/ Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2. Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction 2. Bacteriophages 3. Animal Viruses 4. Viroids & Prions 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction Chapter Reading pp. 393-396 What exactly is a Virus? Viruses

More information

LEC 2, Medical biology, Theory, prepared by Dr. AYAT ALI

LEC 2, Medical biology, Theory, prepared by Dr. AYAT ALI General Characteristics, Structure and Taxonomy of Viruses Viruses A virus is non-cellular organisms made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. They are considered both a living

More information

Viruses. An Illustrated Guide to Viral Life Cycles to Accompany Lecture. By Noel Ways

Viruses. An Illustrated Guide to Viral Life Cycles to Accompany Lecture. By Noel Ways Viruses An Illustrated Guide to Viral Life Cycles to Accompany Lecture By Noel Ways Viral Life Cycle Step #1, Adhesion: During adhesion, specific receptors for specific molecules on potential host cell

More information

Immunity and Infection. Chapter 17

Immunity and Infection. Chapter 17 Immunity and Infection Chapter 17 The Chain of Infection Transmitted through a chain of infection (six links) Pathogen: Disease causing microorganism Reservoir: Natural environment of the pathogen Portal

More information

Infectious Diseases through Viruses. Obj. 3.c. & 3.g.

Infectious Diseases through Viruses. Obj. 3.c. & 3.g. Infectious Diseases through Viruses Obj. 3.c. & 3.g. Diseases Caused By Cells A disease is a condition that stops the body from functioning normally. Non-infectious diseases are not spread from person

More information

Chapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Chapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the science that studies microorganisms = living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye Microorganisms

More information

Some living things are made of ONE cell, and are called. Other organisms are composed of many cells, and are called. (SEE PAGE 6)

Some living things are made of ONE cell, and are called. Other organisms are composed of many cells, and are called. (SEE PAGE 6) Section: 1.1 Question of the Day: Name: Review of Old Information: N/A New Information: We tend to only think of animals as living. However, there is a great diversity of organisms that we consider living

More information

Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life

Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life Viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli Viruses lead a kind of borrowed life between

More information

Virus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1

Virus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1 Virus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1 We have discussed the molecular structure of DNA and its function in DNA duplication and in transcription and protein synthesis. We now turn to how cells regulate

More information

Chapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology

Chapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology Chapter 18. Viral Genetics 2003-2004 1 A sense of size Comparing eukaryote bacterium virus 2 What is a virus? Is it alive? DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat Viruses are not cells Extremely tiny electron

More information

Viruses. Picture from:

Viruses. Picture from: Viruses Understand the structure of bacteriophages & human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Appreciate that viruses replicate in host cells (thereby destroying them) Picture from: http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/lxvii1/viruses.html

More information

LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK. How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication

LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK. How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Eukaryotic: Non-bacterial cell type (bacteria are prokaryotes).. LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication This lesson extends the principles we learned in Unit

More information

3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes} ; 3. ACCEPT macrophages / dendritic cells / CD4 cells

3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes} ; 3. ACCEPT macrophages / dendritic cells / CD4 cells 1(a) 1. (structure G is {glycoprotein / gp120} ; 2. used for {attachment / eq} to CD4 (molecules / receptors /antigens) ; 1. IGNORE gp 41 and gp 160 and other wrong numbers 3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes}

More information

Revisiting the Definition of Living Thing

Revisiting the Definition of Living Thing Biology of Viruses (Ch 0 p77 and 88-9) What do you already know about viruses? Revisiting the Definition of Living Thing How did we define a living thing? H0 DOMAIN ARCHAEA virus So, if the Cell Theory

More information

Objective 3 Viruses & Bacteria genetic material capsule Pili DNA

Objective 3 Viruses & Bacteria genetic material capsule Pili DNA Objective 3 Viruses & Bacteria 1. Compare the structure and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome,

More information

Chapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Chapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Chapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 11/20/2017 MDufilho 1 Characteristics of Viruses Viruses Minuscule, acellular, infectious agent having either DNA or RNA Cause infections

More information

HIV INFECTION: An Overview

HIV INFECTION: An Overview HIV INFECTION: An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ

More information

Biology. Chapter 19. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015

Biology. Chapter 19. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015 Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 19 Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea 19.1 What Are Viruses? Viruses: noncellular infectious agents Consists of a protein coat around a core of

More information

Ch. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus?

Ch. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus? Ch. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus? A virus is an invective agent consisting of a nucleic acid in a protein coat, able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. A bacteriophage ( bacteria

More information

Immunodeficiency. (2 of 2)

Immunodeficiency. (2 of 2) Immunodeficiency (2 of 2) Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiencies More common Many causes such as therapy, cancer, sarcoidosis, malnutrition, infection & renal disease The most common of which is therapy-related

More information

BIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture

BIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture BIT 120 Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture Cancer DEFINITION Any abnormal growth of cells that has malignant potential i.e.. Leukemia Uncontrolled mitosis in WBC Genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations

More information

HIV & AIDS: Overview

HIV & AIDS: Overview HIV & AIDS: Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR VJ TEMPLE 1 What

More information

19 2 Viruses Slide 1 of 34

19 2 Viruses Slide 1 of 34 1 of 34 What Is a Virus? What Is a Virus? Viruses are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids. Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. 2 of 34 What Is a Virus? Viruses

More information

bacteria review 1. Which of the following structures is not found in bacteria?

bacteria review 1. Which of the following structures is not found in bacteria? Name: Date: 1. Which of the following structures is not found in bacteria? 5. How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics? A. ribosome B. cytoplasm C. cell

More information

The Struggle with Infectious Disease. Lecture 6

The Struggle with Infectious Disease. Lecture 6 The Struggle with Infectious Disease Lecture 6 HIV/AIDS It is generally believed that: Human Immunodeficiency Virus --------- causes ------------- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome History of HIV HIV

More information

2.1 VIRUSES. 2.1 Learning Goals

2.1 VIRUSES. 2.1 Learning Goals 2.1 VIRUSES 2.1 Learning Goals To understand the structure, function, and how Viruses replicate To understand the difference between Viruses to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; namely that viruses are not classified

More information

Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5

Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5 Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MLAB 366) 1 Dr. Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy 2 Introduction Viruses are microscopic organisms that can infect all living cells. They are parasitic and multiply

More information

Date. Student Name. Prompt: This passage is called Characteristics of Viruses. It is about viruses.

Date. Student Name. Prompt: This passage is called Characteristics of Viruses. It is about viruses. Student Name Characteristics of Viruses--Part I Level High School - Science Date _ Prompt: This passage is called Characteristics of Viruses. It is about viruses. Similarities and Differences Between Viruses

More information

Bacteria and Viruses. Chapter 20 Biology II

Bacteria and Viruses. Chapter 20 Biology II Bacteria and Viruses Chapter 20 Biology II 3 Domains of Living Organisms Section 1 - Bacteria Prokaryotes Oldest living things on Earth Date back 3.5 mya Single-celled organisms No membrane bound organelles

More information

Lahore University of Management Sciences. BIO314 Virology and Microbiology (Spring 2015)

Lahore University of Management Sciences. BIO314 Virology and Microbiology (Spring 2015) BIO314 Virology and Microbiology (Spring 2015) Instructor Room. Office Hours Email Telephone Secretary/TA TA Office Hours Course URL (if any) Shaper Mirza and Sadia Hamera Shaper.Mirza@uth.tmc.edu Course

More information

Viruses 101., and concluded that living organisms do not crystallize. In other words,.

Viruses 101., and concluded that living organisms do not crystallize. In other words,. Viruses 101 In 1897, Dutch scientist called tiny particles in the liquid extracted from a plant disease, which is the Latin word for. In 1935, American biochemist isolated crystals of, and concluded that

More information

WHY? Viruses are considered non-living because they do:

WHY? Viruses are considered non-living because they do: Viruses What is a Virus? Non-living particle WHY? Viruses are considered non-living because they do: NOT Carry out metabolism NOT Grow or develop NOT Replicate without the help of a living cell (host).

More information

Antibacterials and Antivirals

Antibacterials and Antivirals Structure of a Bacterium: Antibacterials and Antivirals Capsule: protective layer made up of proteins, sugars and lipids Cell wall: provides the bacteria with its shape and structure Cell membrane: permeable

More information

Bacteria & Viruses. Biology Science Department

Bacteria & Viruses. Biology Science Department Bacteria & Viruses What do you already know? What are the differences between viruses and bacteria? Are all bacteria harmful? When you get a cold, should you take an antibiotic to help you get better?

More information

Name Class Date. Infection in which a virus inserts its nucleic acid into the DNA of the host cell and is duplicated with the cell s DNA

Name Class Date. Infection in which a virus inserts its nucleic acid into the DNA of the host cell and is duplicated with the cell s DNA Name Class Date 20.1 Viruses Lesson Objectives Explain how viruses reproduce. Explain how viruses cause infection. BUILD Vocabulary A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions.

More information

Viral Genetics. BIT 220 Chapter 16

Viral Genetics. BIT 220 Chapter 16 Viral Genetics BIT 220 Chapter 16 Details of the Virus Classified According to a. DNA or RNA b. Enveloped or Non-Enveloped c. Single-stranded or double-stranded Viruses contain only a few genes Reverse

More information

Virus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities. Can infect organisms of every domain

Virus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities. Can infect organisms of every domain Virus Basics Chapter 13 & 14 General Characteristics of Viruses Non-living entities Not considered organisms Can infect organisms of every domain All life-forms Commonly referred to by organism they infect

More information

Wednesday, October 19, 16. Viruses

Wednesday, October 19, 16. Viruses Viruses Image of an animal cell More realistic size of a virus compared to an animal cell Cells can fulfill all characteristics of life Viruses on their own can be considered lifeless chemicals, unless?

More information

19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes.

19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes. VIRUSES Many diseases of plants and animals are caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. Bacteria and viruses are NOT similar kinds of micro-organisms. Bacteria are classified as living organisms,

More information

All living creatures share two basic purposes 1. survival 2. reproduction

All living creatures share two basic purposes 1. survival 2. reproduction Infectious Diseases All living creatures share two basic purposes 1. survival 2. reproduction *Organisms must take nutrients essential for growth and proliferation from the environment. *In many conditions

More information

Virus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses 5/9/2011. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities

Virus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses 5/9/2011. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities Virus Basics Chapter 13 & 14 General Characteristics of Viruses Non-living entities Not considered organisms Can infect organisms of every domain All life-formsf Commonly referred to by organism they infect

More information

Julianne Edwards. Retroviruses. Spring 2010

Julianne Edwards. Retroviruses. Spring 2010 Retroviruses Spring 2010 A retrovirus can simply be referred to as an infectious particle which replicates backwards even though there are many different types of retroviruses. More specifically, a retrovirus

More information

Chapter 20. Table of Contents. Section 1 Viruses. Section 2 Bacteria. Viruses and Bacteria

Chapter 20. Table of Contents. Section 1 Viruses. Section 2 Bacteria. Viruses and Bacteria Viruses and Bacteria Table of Contents Section 1 Viruses Section 2 Bacteria Section 1 Viruses Objectives Describe why a virus is not considered a living organism. Describe the basic structure of a virus.

More information

Viruses. Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus

Viruses. Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus Viruses Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus What is a virus? A virus is a microscopic, infectious agent that may infect any type of living cell. Viruses must infect living cells in order to make more

More information

LESSON 1.4 WORKBOOK. Viral sizes and structures. Workbook Lesson 1.4

LESSON 1.4 WORKBOOK. Viral sizes and structures. Workbook Lesson 1.4 Eukaryotes organisms that contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes organisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Viruses small, non-cellular (lacking a cell), infectious

More information

Part I. Content: History of Viruses. General properties of viruses. Viral structure. Viral classifications. Virus-like agents.

Part I. Content: History of Viruses. General properties of viruses. Viral structure. Viral classifications. Virus-like agents. Viruses Part I Content: History of Viruses. General properties of viruses. Viral structure. Viral classifications. Virus-like agents. History Through the 1800s, many scientists discovered that something

More information

Warts are a skin virus!

Warts are a skin virus! Viruses Warts are a skin virus! Herpes mouth virus: Other Viral Diseases Measles Polio Smallpox Influenza Hepatitis B Virus Viruses & Cancer Human Papilloma Virus HPV Tree Man - HPV Is a Virus a Living

More information

Chapter 39 Viruses. Viruses are tiny. They are much smaller (50 times) than a bacterium.

Chapter 39 Viruses. Viruses are tiny. They are much smaller (50 times) than a bacterium. Chapter 39 Viruses Viruses are tiny. They are much smaller (50 times) than a bacterium. They are not made of cellsand cannot reproduceon their own. Therefore they are not alive according to our rules.

More information

Coronaviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics

Coronaviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics Coronaviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Spherical enveloped particles studded with clubbed spikes Diameter 120-160 nm Coiled helical

More information

Immunodeficiencies HIV/AIDS

Immunodeficiencies HIV/AIDS Immunodeficiencies HIV/AIDS Immunodeficiencies Due to impaired function of one or more components of the immune or inflammatory responses. Problem may be with: B cells T cells phagocytes or complement

More information

Nucleic acid: singled stranded, double stranded, RNA, or DNA, linear or circular. Capsid: protein coat that is most of the mass of the virus.

Nucleic acid: singled stranded, double stranded, RNA, or DNA, linear or circular. Capsid: protein coat that is most of the mass of the virus. Viruses General Characteristics of Viruses 1. Depending on view may be regarded as exceptionally complex aggregates of nonliving chemicals or as exceptionally simple living microbes. 2. Contain a single

More information

Running Head: AN UNDERSTANDING OF HIV- 1, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENTS. An Understanding of HIV- 1, Symptoms, and Treatments.

Running Head: AN UNDERSTANDING OF HIV- 1, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENTS. An Understanding of HIV- 1, Symptoms, and Treatments. Running Head: AN UNDERSTANDING OF HIV- 1, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENTS An Understanding of HIV- 1, Symptoms, and Treatments Benjamin Mills Abstract HIV- 1 is a virus that has had major impacts worldwide. Numerous

More information

Chapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses*

Chapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses* Chapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. 6.1 Overview of Viruses

More information

7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7

7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7 MI Department of Biology 7.013: Introductory Biology - Spring 2005 Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor yler Jacks, Dr. Claudette Gardel 7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7 FRIDAY May 6th, 2005 Question

More information

MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE CHAPTER 13: VIRUSES. 1. Obligate intracellular parasites that multiply in living host cells

MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE CHAPTER 13: VIRUSES. 1. Obligate intracellular parasites that multiply in living host cells MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE CHAPTER 13: VIRUSES I. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES A. General Characteristics 1. Obligate intracellular parasites that multiply in living host cells 2. Contain a single

More information

Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS Sudden outbreak in USA of opportunistic infections and cancers in young men in 1981 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi s

More information

SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE. 1. The diameter of viruses ranges from about a. 1 to 2 nm. b. 20 to 250 nm. c. 1 to 2 µm. d. 20 to 250 µm.

SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE. 1. The diameter of viruses ranges from about a. 1 to 2 nm. b. 20 to 250 nm. c. 1 to 2 µm. d. 20 to 250 µm. SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. virus 2. capsid 3. retrovirus 4. viroid 5. prion MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The diameter of

More information

Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life Module 12: Simple Organisms

Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life Module 12: Simple Organisms Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life Module 12: Simple Organisms NC Essential Standard: 1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments 2.1.2 Analyze how various organisms

More information

October 26, Lecture Readings. Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell

October 26, Lecture Readings. Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell October 26, 2006 Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell 1. Secretory pathway a. Formation of coated vesicles b. SNAREs and vesicle targeting 2. Membrane fusion a. SNAREs

More information

Hands-on Activity Viral DNA Integration. Educator Materials

Hands-on Activity Viral DNA Integration. Educator Materials OVERVIEW This activity is part of a series of activities and demonstrations focusing on various aspects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle. HIV is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are distinguished

More information

Introduction to viruses. BIO 370 Ramos

Introduction to viruses. BIO 370 Ramos Introduction to viruses BIO 370 Ramos 1 2 General Structure of Viruses Size range most

More information

Structure of viruses

Structure of viruses Antiviral Drugs o Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. o lack both a cell wall and a cell membrane. o They do not carry out metabolic processes. o Viruses use much of the host s metabolic machinery.

More information

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) By Jennifer Osita Disease The disease I am studying is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) which is when the immune system is too weak to fight off many

More information

Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life Module 12: Simple Organisms

Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life Module 12: Simple Organisms Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life Module 12: Simple Organisms NC Essential Standard: 1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments 2.1.2 Analyze how various organisms

More information

Section 6. Junaid Malek, M.D.

Section 6. Junaid Malek, M.D. Section 6 Junaid Malek, M.D. The Golgi and gp160 gp160 transported from ER to the Golgi in coated vesicles These coated vesicles fuse to the cis portion of the Golgi and deposit their cargo in the cisternae

More information

HIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek

HIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek HIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek The Viral Life Cycle A typical virus (DNA or RNA + protein) enters the host cell, makes more of itself, and exits. There are two major

More information

STRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES

STRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES STRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES Introduction Viruses are noncellular genetic elements that use a living cell for their replication and have an extracellular state. Viruses

More information

HS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

HS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations. Unit 2, Lesson 2: Teacher s Edition 1 Unit 2: Lesson 2 Influenza and HIV Lesson Questions: o What steps are involved in viral infection and replication? o Why are some kinds of influenza virus more deadly

More information

Chapter 24 The Body s Defenses against Pathogens

Chapter 24 The Body s Defenses against Pathogens Chapter 24 The Body s Defenses against Pathogens State Standards Standard 10.a. Standard 10.b. Standard 10.c. Standard 10.d. Standard 10.e. Pathogens Pathogens are They are usually microorganisms - Viruses

More information

School Nursing and Health. Standard Precautions. (aka Universal Precautions)

School Nursing and Health. Standard Precautions. (aka Universal Precautions) School Nursing and Health Standard Precautions (aka Universal Precautions) August 2016 1 Standard Precautions Occupational Safety and Health Administration Federal Law 29 CFR bloodborne Pathogens 1910.1030(g)(2)(i)

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Ashraf

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Ashraf number 4 Done by Nedaa Bani Ata Corrected by Rama Nada Doctor Ashraf Genome replication and gene expression Remember the steps of viral replication from the last lecture: Attachment, Adsorption, Penetration,

More information