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1 Supplementary Figure 1 Identification of IFN-γ-producing CD8 + and CD4 + T cells with naive phenotype by alternative gating and sample-processing strategies. a. Contour 5% probability plots show definition of T N, T CM, T E+EM and T EMRA subsets based on the expression of

2 pairs of CD45RA and CCR7 or CD95 and CD28 molecules by total CD8 + T cells from a representative donor (age 71). b. Gating strategies for identification of T N (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int )(top row), T CM (middle row), T E+EM and T EMRA (both bottom row) CD8 + T cell subsets, using gating in reverse compared to Fig. 1, by first applying the CD95/28 gate and then the CD45RA/CCR7 gate. c. Age dependent decrease in phenotypically naive CD8+ T cells (shown in black) and IFN-γ producing phenotypically naive (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int CD8 + T cells (in green) shown as cell number (Log 10 )/µl of blood (n=92). d. Graph shows flow cytometric analysis of percentages of IFN-γ + CD4 + T cells with naive phenotype (gated through CD45RA + CCR7 + CD28 int CD95 lo ) with age. Student s t-test was applied to analyze significance in the age-related increase between the group of donors <40 years old (n=27), 40 65y old (n=44) or >65 years old (n=21; *p<0.05). Data are representative of one experiment. e. Intracellular cytokine staining of human PMA+ionoactivated fresh (not cryopreserved) PBMCs from healthy donors. Dot plots show IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GzmB production by phenotypically naïve (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int CD8 + T cells from freshly isolated blood of 7 donors (age as indicated). Unstimulated (US) PBMCs were used as control. f. Intracellular cytokine staining of sorted naïve (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int CD8 + T cells after 3 hr activation with PMA-iono. Bar graphs show percentage of cytokine producing naive CD8 + T cells in healthy subjects age <40 and > 65, with n=6/group (*p<0.05, experiment repeated once with different subjects, n=4/group).

3 Supplementary Figure 2 Expression of phenotypic markers on T MNP cells relative that on other CD8 + T cell subsets. Graphs show flow cytometry-based analysis of diversity (mean gmfi ± SD) in expression of a given molecule between different CD8 + T cell subsets from 12 donors. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to quantify

4 differences in CD45RA, CCR7, CD95 and CD28 expression between T N and T MNP, T CM, T EM or T EMRA CD8 T cells, defined as in Supplemental Fig. 1d (*p<0.05,**p<0.0001, n=12, ages 27-85, 5 males, 7 females).

5 Supplementary Figure 3 T MNP cells do not respond to bystander stimulation by IL-12 and IL-18. a. Flow cytometry-based evaluation IFNγ production in sorted naïve CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int CD49d high and CD49d low CD8 + T cells after overnight IL-12 (5ng/mL) + IL-18 (5ng/mL) culture. Data are representatives of 2 subjects, males ages 52, 64 (of n=3). b. IFN-γ production by different PBMC CD8 + T cell subsets (T N and T MNP, T CM, T EM or T EMRA, defined as in Supplemental Fig. 1d) after overnight IL-12+IL-18 culture and 3hr presence of protein transport inhibitors shown as % of IFN-g + cells (repeated measures ANOVA,*P<0.05, n=9, ages 35-77).

6

7 Supplementary Figure 4 Flow FISH analysis and stability of phenotype after stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin. a. Flow cytometry analysis of human PBMCs from a representative donor (male, age 68). Contour 5% probability plots and histogram show gating strategy used to identify different CD8 + T cell populations (T N, T CM, T E+EM and T EMRA. As shown in the final graph, 4n cells were excluded from the analysis. b. Contour 5% probability plots and histograms show expression of naive phenotypic markers and intensity of CD8 and A2 CMV-NLV tetramer staining after 3hr PMA+iono stimulation (in right column or in red) or in the presence of BFA alone in one representative subject (left column or in blue) of n=8 (age 35-83).

8 Supplementary Figure 5 T MNP cells undergo robust proliferation in response to TCR stimulation. a,b. Overlaid histograms show proliferation (dilution of CTV proliferation dye) of a. sorted T MNP (FN-γ + CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int ) cells (red line), isolated using IFN-γ capture assay (as in methods) and T N (naive IFN-γ - CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int ) CD8 + T cells(blue line), 3 days after activation with anti-cd3+anti- CD2+anti-CD28 Ab-coated beads (two donors of n=3, 2 females, 1 male, ages 65-73, are shown, t-test, NS) and b. sorted T MNP (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int CD49d hi ), T N (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int CD49d lo ), T CM (CD45RA - CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 hi ) and T EM+TEMRA (CD45RA -or+ CCR7 + CD95 hi CD28 int or lo ) cells at 6 days after activation with anti-cd3+ anti-cd2+anti-cd28 Ab-coated beads, two representative donors, age 32 and 35 are shown. Proliferation and division indices are shown by scatter graphs (shown as mean ±SEM; repeated measures oneway ANOVA,*P<0.05, n=5, 4 females, 1 male, age 32-69).

9 Supplementary Figure 6 TCR V β distribution in various subsets of CD8 + T cells from a healthy donor (female, 65 years of age), isolated 24 months apart. 3D line graphs showing TCR Vβ distribution in different CD8 + T cells subsets (indicated in the legend). Percentages of each of the 24 tested TCR Vβ (marked on the x axis) are shown. Total analyzed were n=2 (1 female, 1 male, age 65,81). Data are representative of one experiment.

10 Supplementary Figure 7 Flow cytometry analyzing IFN-γ production by naive IAV-specific CD8 + T cells before and 14 d after vaccination against IAV shows no bystander or nonspecific activation of T MNP cells. PBMCs were activated briefly with PMA+Iono. Contour 5% probability plots show gating strategy to evaluate the naive phenotype (CD45RA + CCR7 + CD95 lo CD28 int ) and IFN-γ production by IAV matrix GIL peptide:hla- A*0201 or CMV pp65 NLV: HLA-A*0201 tetramer + CD8 + T cells. Numbers represent percentages of the population within each gate after subsequent gating. Data from two representative donors (one CMV seropositive and one seronegative (of n=7, ages 65-80).

11 Supplementary Figure 8 Major CD8 + T cell subsets do not change in number regardless of the severity of symptoms in WNV-exposed subjects. Quantification of CD8 + T cell subsets in WNV asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects is represented as absolute number of T N, T E+EM, T EMRA and T CM subset/10 6 CD8 + T cells within each subject. Repeated measures one-way ANOVA was used to quantify the subsets differences between asymptomatic (n=11,,39-92) and symptomatic (n=16, ages 43-84).

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