New Era of Chronic Hepatitis B Management. Watcharasak Chotiyaputta Gastroenterology

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1 New Era of Chronic Hepatitis B Management Watcharasak Chotiyaputta Gastroenterology

2 Case A 33 Y/O male Diagnosed with HBV infection for 10 years Asymptomatic, Consult for CHB ETOH None No family history of cirrhosis or HCC PE: unremarkable Lab: AST 17 U/L (0 40), ALT 19 U/L (0 41), ALP 96 U/L (40 129) HBeAg positive HBV DNA VL 150,000,000 IU/mL USG upper abdomen: Normal liver parenchyma

3 Case What is the proper management? A. Observe B. Liver biopsy C. Non invasive test for liver fibrosis D. Treatment

4 Five Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Immune tolerant (HBeAg + chronic HBV infection) HBsAg high HBV DNA > 10 7 IU/mL Normal or low ALT HBeAg(+) Mild or no necroinflamation No or slow fibrosis progression Serum HBV DNA ALT Normal ALT / Undetectable HBV DNA Gish RG, et al. Antiviral Res 2015 EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J Hepatol

5 Five Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Immune tolerant (HBeAg + chronic HBV infection) HBsAg high HBV DNA > 10 7 IU/mL Normal or low ALT HBeAg(+) Mild or no necroinflamation No or slow fibrosis progression Immune Clearance (HBeAg +, chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg high/intermediate HBV DNA IU/mL Elevated ALT HBeAg (+) Moderate to severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease Serum HBV DNA ALT Normal ALT / Undetectable HBV DNA Gish RG, et al. Antiviral Res 2015 EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J Hepatol

6 Five Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Immune tolerant (HBeAg + chronic HBV infection) HBsAg high HBV DNA > 10 7 IU/mL Normal or low ALT HBeAg(+) Mild or no necroinflamation No or slow fibrosis progression Immune Clearance (HBeAg +, chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg high/intermediate HBV DNA IU/mL Elevated ALT HBeAg (+) Moderate to severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease HBeAg( ) Chronic hepatitis (HBeAg ( ) chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg intermediate HBV DNA > 2,000 IU/mL High but fluctuating ALT HBeAg ( ) Moderate/severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease Serum HBV DNA ALT Normal ALT / Undetectable HBV DNA Gish RG, et al. Antiviral Res 2015 EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J Hepatol

7 Five Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Immune tolerant (HBeAg + chronic HBV infection) HBsAg high HBV DNA > 10 7 IU/mL Normal or low ALT HBeAg(+) Mild or no necroinflamation No or slow fibrosis progression Immune Clearance (HBeAg +, chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg high/intermediate HBV DNA IU/mL Elevated ALT HBeAg (+) Moderate to severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease HBeAg( ) Chronic hepatitis (HBeAg ( ) chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg intermediate HBV DNA > 2,000 IU/mL High but fluctuating ALT HBeAg ( ) Moderate/severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease Non Replicative (HBeAg ( ) chronic HBV infection) HBsAg low HBV DNA < 2,000 IU/mL Normal ALT HBeAg( ) No inflammation No or slow fibrosis progression Serum HBV DNA ALT Normal ALT / Undetectable HBV DNA Gish RG, et al. Antiviral Res 2015 EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J Hepatol

8 Five Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Immune tolerant (HBeAg + chronic HBV infection) HBsAg high HBV DNA > 10 7 IU/mL Normal or low ALT HBeAg(+) Mild or no necroinflamation No or slow fibrosis progression Immune Clearance (HBeAg +, chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg high/intermediate HBV DNA IU/mL Elevated ALT HBeAg (+) Moderate to severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease HBeAg( ) Chronic hepatitis (HBeAg ( ) chronic HBV hepatitis) HBsAg intermediate HBV DNA > 2,000 IU/mL High but fluctuating ALT HBeAg ( ) Moderate/severe necroinflammation Progressive liver disease Non Replicative (HBeAg ( ) chronic HBV infection) HBsAg low HBV DNA < 2,000 IU/mL Normal ALT HBeAg( ) No inflammation No or slow fibrosis progression HBsAg Loss/Occult Hepatitis B Serum HBV DNA phases, alternating undetectable and very low but detectable Detectable HBV DNA in the liver Intrahepatic replicationcompetent HBV genomes such as HBV cccdna Serum HBV DNA ALT Normal ALT / Undetectable HBV DNA Gish RG, et al. Antiviral Res 2015 EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J Hepatol

9 Effects of Tenofovir in CHB, HBeAg Positive (High VL with Normal ALT) Tenofovir (TDF) group: 64 pts TDF and Emtricitabine (FTC) group: 62 pts Mean age 33 years, 89% Asian Baseline VL: 8.41 log 10 IU/mL Endpoint: HBV VL at year 4 TDF group: 5.8% HBeAg seroconversion TDF/FTC group: 0% HBeAg seroconversion 0% in this study: HBsAg loss Chan HL, et al. Gastroenterology 2014

10 5 Years later Case

11 Case A 38 Y/O male Asymptomatic Follow up every 6 12 months: normal ALT with high VL ETOH None PE: unremarkable Lab: AST 120 U/L (0 40), ALT 152 U/L (0 41), ALP 110 U/L (40 129) HBeAg positive HBV DNA VL 1,000,000 IU/mL USG upper abdomen: Normal liver parenchyma, no mass

12 Case A 38 Y/O male 0 Next 3 months AST (U/L, 0 40) ALT (U/L, 0 41) ALP (U/L, )

13 Case What is the proper management? A. Observe B. Liver biopsy C. Non invasive test for liver fibrosis D. Treatment

14 Indication for HBV Treatment HBV DNA level HBeAg status Serum ALT level Liver Disease Activity

15 Indication for HBV Treatment Year HBeAg HBV DNA VL (IU/mL) ALT or inflammation/fibrosis in liver THASL guideline 2558 Positive 2,000 Negative 2,000 >2 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (แนะน าให ตรวจ พยาธ สภาพต บเม ออาย > 40 ป หาก ALT < 2 เท า) >2 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (แนะน าให ตรวจ พยาธ สภาพต บเม ออาย > 40 ป หาก ALT < 2 เท า) APASL guideline AASLD guideline EASL guideline 2560 Positive 20,000 Negative 2,000 Positive 20,000 Negative 2,000 Positive 2,000 >2 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (แนะน าให ตรวจ พยาธ สภาพต บเม ออาย > 35 ป หาก ALT < 2 เท า) >2 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (แนะน าให ตรวจ พยาธ สภาพต บเม ออาย > 35 ป หาก ALT < 2 เท า) >2 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (แนะน าให ตรวจ พยาธ สภาพต บเม ออาย > 40 ป หาก ALT < 2 เท า) >2 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (แนะน าให ตรวจ พยาธ สภาพต บเม ออาย > 40 ป หาก ALT < 2 เท า) >1 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก (อาย > 30 ป หาก ALT < 1 เท า) Negative 2,000 >1 เท าหร อตรวจพบอ กเสบหร อพ งผ ดในต บมาก

16 Indication for HBV Treatment Year Stage of cirrhosis HBV DNA VL (IU/mL) THASL guideline 2558 Compensated และ decompensated cirrhosis เม อตรวจพบไวร สในเล อด และพ จารณาปล กถ ายต บในกรณ decompensation APASL guideline 2558 Compensated cirrhosis เม อตรวจพบไวร สในเล อดเก น 2,000 ย น ต/มล หร อถ าจ านวน ไวร สน อยกว า 2,000 ย น ต/มล ร วมก บม ค า ALT ส ง Decompensated cirrhosis เม อตรวจพบไวร สในเล อด และพ จารณาปล กถ ายต บ AASLD guideline 2558 Compensated และ decompensated cirrhosis เม อตรวจพบไวร สในเล อด และพ จารณาปล กถ ายต บในกรณ decompensation EASL guideline 2560 Compensated และ decompensated cirrhosis เม อตรวจพบไวร สในเล อด และพ จารณาปล กถ ายต บในกรณ decompensation

17 Main Concepts and Features of Current Treatment Strategies of CHB Features Peg IFN alpha Nucleos(t)ide analogues Route of administration Subcutaneous injections Oral Treatment duration 48 weeks Long term until HBsAg loss Tolerability Low High Long term safety concerns Very rarely persistence of on treatment adverse events Probably not uncertainties regarding kidney function, bone disease for some NUCs) Contraindications Many (decompensated cirrhosis, co morbidities) None Strategy Induction of a long term immune control by finite treatment Stopping hepatitis and disease progression by inhibiting viral replication Level of viral suppression Moderate (variable response pattern) Universally high Effect of HBeAg loss Effect of HBsAg loss Risk of relapse after treatment cessation Moderate, depending on baseline characteristics Variable, depending on baseline characteristics (overall higher as compared to NUCs) Low for those with sustained response 6 12 months after therapy Low in the first year, increases to moderate during long term Low: slowly increases with treatment time in HBeAg positive patients, usually vary low in HBeAg negative patients Moderate if consolidation treatment provided after HBeAg seroconversion Risk of viral resistance No Yes EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J hepatol 2017

18 Oral NUCs for Treatment of CHB Drugs Lamivudine (LMV) Telbivudine (TBV) Entecavir (ETV) Adefovir (ADV) Tenofovir (TDF) Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) Antiviral activity Drug resistance Specific side effects Pregnancy category Low 70% in 5 yrs Negligible C High 30% in 3 yrs Myopathy B High 1.2% in 5 yrs Negligible C Low High 29% in 5 yrs 0% in 6 yrs Nephrotoxicity Hypophosphatemia Nephrotoxicity, hypophosphatemia, bone loss High 0% in 2 yrs Negligible B C B Wong V and Chan HL. Semin Liver Dis 2013

19 Case A 38 Y/O male Asymptomatic Initial lab: HBeAg positive Persistent ALT elevation > 2 X ULN for 3 months HBV DNA VL 1,000,000 IU/mL USG upper abdomen: Normal liver parenchyma, no mass He was started with lamivudine 150 mg/day After 3 months, he was checked lab tests. Lab: AST 45 U/L (0 40), ALT 68 U/L (0 41) HBV DNA VL 8,500 IU/mL

20 Case What is the proper management? A. Advice compliance B. Switch to Tenofovir C. Switch to Entecavir D. Switch to gastroenterologist

21 Schematic of Genotypic Resistance and Virological and Biochemical Breakthrough Tana MM and Ghany MG. Clin Liv Dis 2013 EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of HBV infection. J Hepatol Primary non response: redcution of VL< 1log 10 IU/mL at week 12, important to check for compliance Partial virologic response: important to check for compliance, if patients receive NUCs with low genetic barrier to resistance, it is recommend to change to a more potent drug Virological breakthrough: 1log increase in HBV DNA from nadir in a compliant patient, confirmed with repeat testing at 1 month later Biochemical breakthrough: rise in ALT while on treatment, after having achieved normalization in a compliant patient Genotypic resistance: detection of viral populations bearing reverse transcriptase mutations previously shown to confer resistance to antiviral drugs in a phenotypic assay

22 Adherence to NUCs Therapy Meta analysis of factors associated with poor adherence Study 1: prospective questionnaire study total 111 patients Mean adherence rate 98.2%, self reported questionnaire No resistance mutations found in this study. Study 2: Retrospective study of pharmacy records total 1,026 patients Poor adherence (< 90% adherence) was 20% Significant factors affecting poor adherence included age < 35 years and treatment by multiple doctors within short time period Chotiyaputta W, et al, J Viral Heptol 2012 Allard N, et al, J viral Hepatol 2016

23 Case A 39 Y/O male He was started with lamivudine 150 mg/day After 3 months, he was checked lab tests. Lab: AST 45 U/L (0 40), ALT 68 U/L (0 41) HBV DNA VL 8,500 IU/mL After 12 months, he was checked lab tests Lab: AST 23 U/L (0 40), ALT 32 U/L (0 41) HBV DNA VL 18,000 IU/mL. And then, repeat 20,000 IU/mL

24 Case What is the proper management? A. Advice compliance B. Switch to Tenofovir C. Switch to Entecavir D. Switch to gastroenterologist

25 Development of Resistance After Long term Use of Single drug Antiviral Therapy for CHB Lamivudine 23% 46% 55% 71% 80% Adefovir 0% 3% 11% 18% 29% Telbivudine Entecavir Tenofovir Tenofovir Alafenamide 5% 25% 29% 35% <1% <1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Time (years) Allain JP and Opare Sem O. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016

26 Strategies to Manage Treatment Failure Resistance LAM/LdT resistance LAM then ETV resistance ADV resistance (no previous LAM) ADV resistance (previous LAM/LdT) ETV resistance (no previous LAM/LdT) Multidrug resistance Management Switch to TDF Switch to TDF Switch to ETV Switch to TDF Switch to TDF Switch to LAM+TDF Switch to TDF Add ADV Switch to ETV+TDF Switch Peg IFN LAM: Lamivudine, LdT: Telbivudine, TDF: Tenofovir, ETV: Entecavir, ADV: Adefovir, Peg IFN: Pegylated interferon SK Sarin, et al. Hepatol Int 2016

27 Case A 42 Y/O male Initially, he was started with lamivudine 150 mg/day for a year. And then, he was switched to Tenofovir 300 mg/day for 3 years Lab: AST 25 U/L (0 40), ALT 34 U/L (0 41) HBV DNA VL <10 IU/mL Creatinine 1.6 mg/dl ( ), Phosphorus 1.8 mg/dl ( ) FBS 90 mg/dl UA: yellow/clear, sp.gr , sugar 1+ prot 1+, no wbc or rbc

28 Case What is the proper management? A. Phosphate supplement B. Adjust dose of Tenofovir C. Switch to Entecavir D. Switch to hepatologist

29 Long term Side Effects of NUCs Treatment Renal toxicity Lactic acidosis Bone mineral density changes

30 Recommendations for Monitoring and Management of Patients on Long term NUCs Monitor and management Pre treatment Renal risk assessment Dosing of all NUCs should be adjusted according to egfr calculated prior to treatment initiation On treatment monitoring Renal parameters Renal monitoring frequency Lactic acidosis monitoring BMD monitoring ADV or TDF egfr, serum phosphate NUC therapy in patients with CHB at high renal risk egfr Low risk nonworsening: Every 3 mo during first year, then every 6 mo High risk, nonworsening: Every 1 2 mo for first 3 mo, every 3 mo for first year, then every 6 mo Worsening: egfr or serum phosphate levels close monitoring All NUCs Close monitoring of clinical and lab parameters in patients with advanced decompensated cirrhosis (MELD score > 20) Evaluation in high risk group: patients with hepatic impairment Lampertico P, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016

31 Recommendations for Monitoring and Management of Patients on long term NUCs Monitor and management Management Changes in renal function Suspected TDF associated renal dysfunction No prior LAM resistance: initial TDF reduction, switch to ETV Prior LAM resistance: initial TDF reduction, switch to ETV 1 mg if needed with close viral load monitoring TDF induced Fanconi s syndrome Rapid switch to ETV monotherapy (0.5 mg for treatment naïve patients, 1 mg for LAM resistance patients dose must be adjusted) Lampertico P, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016

32 Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumerate Next generation prodrug of tenofovir More stable in plasma/tissues than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Provides high level of active drug in targets cells Reduced systemic exposure of tenofovir offer the potential for an improved safety profile Gut Plasma Lymphoid cells/ Hepatocytes TFV TDF TDF/TFV TAF TAF TAF Cathepsin A CES1 TFV TFV MP TFV DP CES1 Carboxylesterase 1, MP monophosphate

33 Tenofovir Alafenamide versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumerate for the Treatment of CHB 1,298 naïve or experienced patients (2:1 randomization) 866 patients received TAF 432 patients received TDF TAF 25 mg/day vs TDF 300 mg/day Follow up 96 wks Primary endpoint: efficacy and safety of TAF vs TDF Bone mineral density GFR Agarwal K, et al. J Hepatol 2018

34 Case A 50 Y/O male Diagnosed with HBV infection for 30 years Asymptomatic, Consult for CHB ETOH None No family history of cirrhosis or HCC PE: unremarkable Lab: AST 17 U/L (0 40), ALT 19 U/L (0 41), ALP 96 U/L (40 129) HBeAg negative USG upper abdomen: Normal liver parenchyma

35 Case What is the proper management? A. Check HBV DNA viral load B. Monitor ALT and USG upper abdomen every 6 months C. Start antiviral D. All of above

36 Indication for HBV Treatment 1. Lamivudine (3TC) tab (เฉพาะ 100, 150 mg) เง อนไข 1. ใช ส าหร บโรคไวร สต บอ กเสบบ เร อร ง (chronic hepatitis B) ท ม HBeAg positive หร อ negative โดยต องม ระด บ Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ส งกว าหร อเท าก บ 1.5 เท าของค าปกต และม HBV DNA มากกว า 10,000 copies/ml (หร อ 2,000 IU/ml) 2. ในกรณ ม ระด บ Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) น อยกว า 1.5 เท าของค าปกต ต องม ผล liver histology ท แสดงว าเป นโรคไวร สต บอ กเสบบ เร อร งท ม HAI score มากกว าหร อเท าก บ 4 หร อ fibrosis มากกกว าหร อ เท าก บ 2 3. ใช ส าหร บ compensated หร อ decompensated cirrhosis ท ตรวจพบ HBV DNA 4. ใช ก บผ ป วย HBsAg positive ท ได ร บยาเคม บ าบ ดหร อยากดภ ม ค มก น ค าแนะน า 1. ให ตรวจ HIV serology negative 2 คร ง ห างก น 1 เด อนก อนเร มการร กษา ยกเว นในกรณ ท ม ความจ าเป น เร งด วน (ผ ป วยท ม ภาวะต บวาย: hepatic decompensation) ให ม ผล HIV serology negative ในคร งแรก 2. ในผ ป วยท ม ป จจ ยเส ยงต อการต ดเช อ HIV อย างต อเน อง ให ตรวจ anti HIV อย างน อยป ละ 1 คร ง 3. กรณ ตรวจพบ HIV serology positive แนะน าให ร กษาร วมโดยแพทย สาขาโรคต ดเช อและแพทย สาขาโรคระบบ ทางเด น อาหาร หมายเหต ระด บ ALT ท ผ ดปกต ต องว น จฉ ยแยกโรคอ นๆ ท ท าให ALT ส งกว าปกต เช น fatty liver, drug induced hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis

37 Indication for HBV Treatment 2. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tab (300 mg) เง อนไข ใช ส าหร บโรคไวร สต บอ กเสบบ เร อร งเฉพาะกรณ ด งต อไปน 1. ใช ในกรณ rescue ในผ ป วยท ด อต อยาในกล ม nucleoside analog (NRTI) เช น lamivudine โดยใช tenofovir เป นการร กษาเสร ม 2. ใช ในกรณ ท ผ ป วยย งตรวจพบ HBV DNA หล งร กษาด วยยาในกล ม nucleoside analog (NRTI) ได แก lamivudine, telbivudine, clevudine เป นเวลา 24 ส ปดาห โดยท ผ ป วยก นยาอย างสม าเสมอ ค าแนะน า 1. ให ตรวจ HIV serology negative 2 คร ง ห างก น 1 เด อนก อนเร มการร กษา ยกเว นในกรณ ท ม ความจ าเป น เร งด วน (ผ ป วยท ม ภาวะต บวาย: hepatic decompensation) ให ม ผล HIV serology negative ในคร งแรก 2. ในผ ป วยท ม ป จจ ยเส ยงต อการต ดเช อ HIV อย างต อเน อง ให ตรวจ anti HIV อย างน อยป ละ 1 คร ง 3. กรณ ตรวจพบ HIV serology positive แนะน าให ร กษาร วมโดยแพทย สาขาโรคต ดเช อและแพทย สาขาโรคระบบ ทางเด นอาหาร หมายเหต แนะน าให ต ดตามระด บ serum creatinine, serum phosphate, uric acid ท ก 4 6 เด อน

38 Indication for HBV Treatment 3. Entecavir tab (เฉพาะ 0.5 mg) เง อนไข 1. ผ ป วยต ดเช อ hepatitis B virus (HBV) ท ตรวจพบ advance hepatic fibrosis และม ข อใดข อ หน งด งต อไปน 1.1 transient elastography (เช น Fibroscan ) มากกว าหร อเท าก บ 12 kpa หร อ 1.2 liver biopsy ท ม fibrosis score เท ยบเท า metavir มากกว าหร อเท าก บ F3 2. ม ปร มาณ HBV DNA ก อนการร กษามากกว าหร อเท าก บ 8 log10 copies/ml 3. ผ ป วยต บอ กเสบบ เร อร งท ด อต อยา lamivudine แบ งเป น 2 กรณ

39 Indication for HBV Treatment กรณ ท 1 ผ ป วยต บอ กเสบบ เร อร งท ด อต อยา lamivudine และก าล งได ร บการร กษาด วยยา tenofovir อย แล วเก ดม ค าการ ท างานของไตบกพร องตามเกณฑ ข อใดข อหน งด งต อไปน ม serum creatinine มากกว าหร อเท าก บ 1.5 mg/dl หร อ ม egfr น อยกว าหร อเท าก บ 50 ml/min หร อ ผ ป วยม ภาวะ proximal tubular dysfunction ร วมก บม ความผ ดปกต ด งน hypokalemia หร อ hypophosphatemia หร อ glucosuria (ท ไม ได เก ดจากภาวะ hyperglycemia) หร อ proteinuria มากกว า หร อเท าก บ 1 g/day กรณ ท 2 ผ ป วยต บอ กเสบบ เร อร งท ด อต อยา lamivudine และม ค าการท างานของไตบกพร องตามเกณฑ ข างต นอย ก อนแล ว หมายเหต 1. การด อต อยา lamivudine หมายถ ง หล งการให ยา lamivudine ไปแล ว 6 เด อน ย งคงตรวจพบไวร ส มากกว า 200 IU/mL หร อย งตรวจพบไวร สหล งการร กษา 12 เด อน 2. ยาเม ด entecavir ขนาด 0.5 mg ม ราคาต าส ดท ต อรองได เม ดละ 48 บาท (ราคารวมภาษ ม ลค าเพ ม) ก าหนดย นราคา 730 ว น น บจากว นถ ดจากว นประกาศในราชก จจาน เบกษา เง อนไขและรายละเอ ยดอ นๆ ให ด ตามแบบเสนอยาในเว บไซต

40 Thank You for Your Attention

41 Conclusion Chronic HBV infected patient Decompensated cirrhosis Compensated cirrhosis Severe reactivation of chronic HBV HBV DNA detectable HBV DNA detectable Treat Treat complications of cirrhosis Consider OLT Assess histology or non invasive test Lab or imaging studies to confirm cirrhosis HCC surveillance Treat Treat immediately

42 Conclusion Non cirrhotic Chronic HBV infected patient, HBeAg +/ Viral load HBV DNA < 2,000 IU/mL HBV DNA 2,000 IU/mL ALT ALT > ULN Persistently normal ALT 1 2 X ULN or N ALT > 2XULN Exclude other causes Monitor ALT 3 6 mo Monitor VL 6 12 mo HCC surveillance Monitor ALT 6 12 mo Monitor VL 6 12 mo Check HBsAg yearly HCC surveillance Assess fibrosis with biopsy or noninvasive Consider in pts age 40 yrs, family hx of HCC or cirrhosis Observe for 3 mo, if no concerns of liver decompensation Treat, if ALT still elevate

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