4) What causes lymph to move? Skeletal muscle contraction; smooth muscle contraction, breathing (like blood moves through veins)

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1 NPHS Anatomy & Physiology UNIT 10 REVIEW GUIDE Lymphatic System 1) List the three functions of the lymphatic system. transports excess fluid to the bloodstream absorbs fats helps defend the body against disease-causing agents 2) What are the organs of the lymphatic system and what are their functions? lymph nodes: nodes are a hang out spot for immune system cells & lymph flows through nodes carrying pathogens spleen: lymphocytes and phagocytic cells hang out there and blood flows through carrying pathogens to these cells; also filters old RBC s thymus: cause T-cells to mature (Will learn in part3 notes) 3) Where does lymph end up? Lymph drains into the circulatory system (FYI: at the subclavian veins) 4) What causes lymph to move? Skeletal muscle contraction; smooth muscle contraction, breathing (like blood moves through veins) 5) What condition does a person have when lymph cannot return to the circulatory system? Lymphedema Immunity: NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES 1) How is the First Line of Nonspecific Defense different than the Second Line of Nonspecific Defense? First Line: keep pathogen out of the body Second Line: destroy/inactivate (nonspecific) pathogen that has entered the body 2a) List three physical components of nonspecific defense. 1. Skin 2. Sweat 3. mucus 2b) List four chemical barriers of nonspecific defense. 1. HCl 2. lysozyme (in tears) 3. interferon 4. salt (in sweat) 2c) List three other components of your body s nonspecific defenses. 1. Phagocytic cells (macrophages & neutrophils) 2. Fever 3. inflammation 3) What is pus? How does it form? mass of WBCs, bacterial cells, and damaged tissue that results from fighting infection 4) Describe what happens in the process of phagocytosis. A macrophage or neutrophil engulfs & destroys a virus or bacterial cell 5) What is the relationship between monocytes & macrophages? Monocytes made in red bone marrow develop into functioning macrophages

2 6) The body s second line of defense includes WBCs called neutrophils and macrophages. How do these cells accomplish their part of immune defense? These phagocytic cells engulf and destroy pathogens because they are non-self cells. Once they have engulfed the pathogen, they destroy it with enzymes and then present a piece of that antigen on their cell surface. This is makes the phagocytic cell an antigen presenting cell. 7) The nonspecific defenses of the body also include antimicrobial proteins and molecules. Complete the chart below describing these and their roles in the immune system. Antimicrobial protein / Where produced / found in Job in immune system chemical body? Lysozyme tears Nonspecific defense; breaks down cell walls of bacteria (antibacterial) Interferons Produced by virally infected cells Nonspecific defense; Protect neighboring cells from being infected by that virus Salt Sweat Nonspecific defense; antibacterial (affects osmosis for the bacteria) Histamine Chemical released by cells in the inflammatory response Nonspecific defense; dilates blood vessels to increase blood flow to the area as part of the inflammatory response; this brings more WBC s to the area. Hydrochloric acid In gastric juice Nonspecific defense; Destroys bacteria on food Pepsin Gastric juice Nonspecific defense; Digests proteins found in bacteria & viruses (as well as in the food we eat) 8) How does a fever help protect the body from infection (there are 2 ways)? 1. Increases phagocytic activity & 2. lowers iron levels in blood (bacteria & fungi require iron to grow & multiply) 9) Why are the first two lines of defense termed nonspecific? It doesn t matter what type of antigen is present. Your body tries to keep it out or destroy it if it enters. Immunity: SPECIFIC DEFENSE 1) What are antigens? Antigens are foreign molecules that trigger an immune response 2) What are antigen presenting cells? cells that have a piece of an antigen displayed on a protein flag that is projecting up through the cell s membrane 2b) Look at your flow chart diagram and list 2 antigen presenting cells. 1) phagocytic cells (i.e. macrophages, neutrophils ) 2) cells of your body that have been infected

3 3) Fill in the following chart to compare and contrast B and both types of T lymphocytes with regard to: their origin, where they mature, and their general function. Lymphocyte Type Origin? (Where Where mature? General Function produced?) B cell Bone marrow Bone marrow When activated by Helper T-cell, the B-cell activated & becomes a plasma cell which produces antibodies specific to that antigen Helper T cell Bone marrow Thymus When activated by a phagocytic cell, T H army of clones travel through body in order to locate & activate specific B cell and T C cell Cytotoxic T cell Bone marrow Thymus When activated by Helper T-cell, T C targets infected body cells with perforin. This destroys the infected body cell (as well as all of the unfinished viruses being made inside that cell) 4) How is the cellular response different than the humoral response? cellular response: Helper T-cell activates the specific Cytotoxic T-cell for that antigen so that infected body cells will be destroyed humoral response: Helper T-cell activates the specific B-cell for that antigen so that specific antibodies will be made (antibodies will find antigen/pathogen in body s fluids) 5) How does a phagocytic cell activate a helper T-cell? After phagocytic cell has engulfed a foreign molecule (antigen), it destroys that molecule and presents a piece of the antigen on its surface. When the specific Helper T-cell with the matching shape to that antigen randomly encounters that macrophage, 1) the contact of antigen to Helper T-cell and 2) the chemical that is being secreted by the macrophage will activate the Helper T-cell (this Helper T-cell will then divide, divide, divide by mitosis making clones of itself) 6a) How does a helper T-cell activate a naïve B-cell? When the specific Helper T-cell randomly encounters the specific B cell, the Helper T-cell sends chemical to the B-cell so that it can divide by mitosis 6b) What does an activated B-cell develop into? plasma cells 6c) What do plasma cells produce? antibodies 7) How do antibodies inactivate pathogens in your bloodstream or lymph? antibodies attach to the antigen on the outside of the pathogen and form a clump (agglutinate); when there are antibodies attached to the outside of the bacteria or virus, it cannot infect a new cell

4 8a) How does a helper T-cell activate a cytotoxic T-cell? When the specific Helper T-cell randomly encounters the specific cytotoxic T-cell, the Helper T-cell sends chemical to the cytotoxic T-cell so that it can divide by mitosis 8b) What do cytotoxic T-cells produce? Perforin 8c) What does this substance from 8b do? This chemical causes holes to form in the infected body cell so that fluid rushes in and the cell lyses (bursts) 9) Which specific lymphocyte attacks & destroys cells that have become cancerous? cytotoxic T-cells 10) Label the following diagram showing the activation of the humoral response. Use the following terms: Memory cell J Pathogen C D Antigen B E Macrophage F B Naïve B cell A F Activated B cell H Helper T cell G C Antibodies K Phagocytosis D Antigen presentation E A Plasma cell I Inactive pathogen L G J **Know your entire flow chart! H I K L IMMUNE RESPONSES 1) Complete the following chart comparing a primary immune response and a secondary immune response. Type of Immune Response Primary Secondary Happens when Speed of response? Cells involved? The first time you are exposed to a specific pathogen The second time you are exposed to a specific pathogen Slower than secondary *10 days until maximum antibody production Fast! *maximum antibody production within 2 days *Macrophages (antigen presenting cell); *Helper T cells, *Cytotoxic T cells and *B cells (naïve) *Macrophages (antigen presenting cell); **Memory cells!: Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells & Memory B cells

5 2a) Label the following graph with these terms: primary immune response to antigen X A secondary immune response to antigen X C primary immune response to antigen Y B 2b) What is the result of curve C being so much bigger than curve A? your body fluids (blood & lymph) is flooded with antibodies so all the pathogen is inactivated before your feel symptoms of being sick A C B 3) Distinguish between these four types of acquired immunity. ACTIVE IMMUNITY *make memory cells* PASSIVE IMMUNITY *DO NOT make memory cells; immunity only lasts as long as the antibodies last NATURALLY ACQUIRED Get sick, get better Mother to child (through placenta or breast milk) ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED Vaccine person receives an injection of antiserum (antibodies) 4a) What are VACCINES? vaccines are weakened, modified, or killed versions of the antigen. 4b) Give 3 examples of diseases for which we already have vaccines. 1. Smallpox 2. Chicken pox 3. Influenza (new vaccines against new flu strains every year) 4. Measles/mumps/rubella 5. Polio 6. HPV (human papilloma virus) 4c) What is the biological purpose of getting vaccinated? make MEMORY CELLS (specifically Memory B cells) 4d) What is made after a person is vaccinated that they don t use/need? make army of clones: Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Plasma cells, antibodies 5a) When do you take antibiotics (The answer is not when you get sick!)? when you have a bacterial infection. 5b) How do antibiotics work? They interfere with the bacteria s ability to grow & divide (interfere with its metabolism). 6a) Describe what happens the 1st time a person is exposed to an allergen. The first time a person is exposed to an allergen, a rogue B cell is activated and makes lots of antibodies. These antibodies attach themselves to mast cells (not supposed to).

6 6b) Describe what happens the 2 nd time a person is exposed to that same allergen. The 2 nd time the person is exposed to the same allergen, the allergen binds to those antibodies causing the mast cells to release histamine. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate. Fluids rush to the area (causes swelling) and mucus is made. 6c) List 4 common allergens. peanuts, shellfish, pet dander, pollen, latex 7) What is anaphylactic shock and why is it dangerous? Anaphylactic shock occurs when LOTS of mast cells release histamine at the same time. This causes massive blood vessel dilation which leads to a severe and dangerous drop in blood pressure. Also, lots of fluid rushing to the area can cause extreme swelling and the airway to close. 8) What are two measures taken to reduce the chances of rejection of a transplanted organ or transplanted tissue? 1) match the tissues ( self markers on the cells) of the recipient to the donor 2) take immune system suppressing drugs for the rest of their life 9) a) What is meant by AUTOIMMUNITY? Your immune system is recognizing self cells as foreign and attacks them. b) Fill in the chart below: Autoimmune Disease Briefly describe the cause: Grave s autoantibodies to thyroid stimulating receptor (overproduce thyroid stimulating hormone; involved in metabolism) Type I diabetes (insulin T-cells cause destruction of insulin producing cells in pancreas dependent) Multiple Sclerosis T-cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons Lupus autoantibodies attack DNA (can affect whole body as result) Crohn s immune system attacks alimentary canal (attack of autoantibodies leads to chronic inflammation) Rheumatoid Arthritis autoantibodies attacking the cartilage cells of joints

7 10) What is an immunodeficiency disease? entire immune system is suppressed (cellular response & humoral response) 11a) Which white blood cells (specifically) does HIV infect & destroy? Helper T-cells 11b) Why can HIV infect this cell and not other immune system or body cells? these cells have the receptors that HIV can grab onto CD4 (1 st receptor needed) and CCR5 (the 2 nd cell receptor needed) 11c) Theoretically, how could a person be virtually immune (assuming no other mutation) to HIV? They have a mutation on both copies of their CCR5 gene. Therefore, HIV cannot grab onto the HIV cell in order to inject its genetic material 12) What is the difference between HIV & AIDS? HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus & AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the disease that results when too many Helper T-cells have been destroyed 13) Which of the following is NOT a disorder of your immune system? Explain why. Allergies Organ rejection is not a disorder of your immune system because your immune system is doing what it is supposed to do. The cells on the transplanted organ aren t self cells; they are foreign cells. Autoimmune disease 14) If someone has a viral infection and they go to the doctor, what is the doctor going to tell them to do? Rest and drink plenty of fluids