Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections

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1 Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Gonorrhea What is it: A bacterial infection of the genitals, anus, or throat. How common: The CDC estimates 820,000 people in the United States get Gonorrhea each year with less than half of those being reported. CDC estimates 570,000 of those cases are individuals between ages Symptoms: Men: Some have no symptoms at all. Common symptoms for men include: A burning sensation when urinating. White, yellow, or green discharge from the penis usually 1-14 days after infection. Painful or swollen testicles. Women: Most do not have any symptoms. For those who do experience symptoms, common ones for include: Painful or burning sensation when urinating. Increased vaginal discharge. Vaginal bleeding between periods. How it s transmitted: Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed on from mother to child during childbirth. Treatment: Oral antibiotics can cure the infection. Both partners should receive treatment at the same time to prevent the infection from being passed back and forth. Abstinence from sex should also occur until the infection is gone. Prevention: There is no vaccine for gonorrhea. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Chlamydia What is it: A bacterial infection of the genitals, anus, or throat. How common: Chlamydia is the most commonly reported STI in the United States with over a million cases being reported each yet. The highest number of cases is seen among individuals years old. Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 1 of 1

2 Symptoms: Men: Often there are no symptoms. For men who do experience symptoms these include: Discharge or pain during urination. Burning or itching around the opening of the penis. Women: Often there are no symptoms. For women who do experience symptoms these include: Vaginal discharge that is discolored or yellow-green. Bleeding. Burning or pain during urination How it s transmitted: Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed on from mother to child during childbirth. Treatment: Oral antibiotics can cure the infection. Both partners should receive treatment at the same time to prevent the infection from being passed back and forth. Abstinence from sex should also occur until the infection is gone. Prevention: There is no vaccine for gonorrhea. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Syphilis What is it: A bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body. How common: The CDC estimates that 55,400 people become infected each year. Symptoms: Primary Stage: The appearance of a single (or multiple) sore marks the first or primary stage of syphilis. The sore appears at the location where syphilis entered the body and can go unnoticed due to the sore being painless. The sore is usually firm and round. The sore will last 3-6 weeks and will heal regardless of treatment. However, if not treated the infection progresses to the secondary stage. Secondary Stage: Skin rashes and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus mark the secondary stage of symptoms. This stage begins with a rash on one or more areas of the body. The rash may appear around the time the primary sore is healing, or several weeks after the sore has healed. The rash may be rough, red, or reddish brown spots on the palms of hands and/or bottoms of feet. The rash can look different on various parts of the body. Large, raised, gray or white Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 2 of 2

3 lesions may develop in warm, moist areas such as the mouth, underarm, or groin area. The rash will go away without treatment, however, without appropriate treatment the infection will spread to the late stages of the disease. Other symptoms of secondary syphilis include: Fever Swollen lymph glands Sore throat Patchy hair loss Headaches Weight loss Muscle aches Fatigue Late and Latent Stages: This stage begins when the primary and secondary symptoms disappear. This stage can last for years without treatment due to a lack of signs or symptoms. About 15% of people who have not been treated will develop late stage syphilis, which can appear years after infection. This damage can result in death. Symptoms can include: Difficulty coordinating muscle movements. Paralysis. Numbness. Blindness. Dementia Damage to internal organs. How it s transmitted: Syphilis is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with syphilis sores. Sores generally occur on external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum. Sores can also occur in the mouth or on the lips. It can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sexual contact. It can also be passed on from mother to child during childbirth. Treatment: Syphilis can be cured with antibiotics. Treatment will kill the bacteria and prevent further infection, however, it cannot repair damage that has already been done. Prevention: There is no vaccine for syphilis. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Herpes What is it: A viral infection of the genitals, rectum, mouth and/or lips caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 3 of 3

4 How common: The CDC estimates that 776,000 people are infected with herpes each year. Nationwide, about 1 out of 6, people aged are already infected with herpes. Symptoms: Most people have no symptoms or mistake symptoms for another skin condition. Some symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms can occur during the first outbreak and include a fever, body aches, swollen glands. One or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth. Blisters leave painful sores that last for 2-4 weeks. How it s transmitted: Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed through skin-to-skin contact Treatment: There is no treatment that can cure herpes. Antiviral medications can prevent or shorten outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication. Daily antiviral medication for herpes can also reduce the likelihood of transmission to partners. Prevention: There is no vaccine for herpes. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) What is it: A viral infection with over 40 types that can infect the genitals, anus, and throat. How common: HPV is the most common type of STI with over 14 million people becoming infected each year. It is estimated that approximately 79 million Americans are currently infected and that nearly all sexually-active men and women will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives. Symptoms: Most people do not develop symptoms. In 90% of cases the body s immune system will clear HPV within 2 years. Symptoms of genital warts can include small bumps in and around the genitals, which appears within weeks to months after sexual contact. Cancer causing HPV generally do not have symptoms until the cancer is more advanced. How it s transmitted: HPV is passed through genital contact, most often during vaginal and anal sex, but can also occur during oral sex. Treatment: There is no cure for HPV; however, HPV-related problems can be treated. Genital warts can be removed by medications or through no treatment at Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 4 of 4

5 all. Abnormal cervical cells generally become normal over time; however, if they do not these cells can be treated by a doctor. Cervical cancer is most treatable when it is diagnosed and treated early. Prevention: HPV vaccines are available for both men and women and are the best way to protect against some of the most common types of HPV. Teens, women up to 26, and men up to 21 should get all three shots before becoming sexually active. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection, however, HPV can still be transmitted in areas not covered by condoms. Trichomoniasis or Trich What is it: A parasitic infection of the genitals. How common: It is estimated that 3.7 million people have this infection, but only about 30% develop symptoms. Symptoms: About 70% of people have no signs or symptoms. Men: Symptoms can include: Itching or irritation inside the penis. Burning after urination or ejaculation. Some discharge from the penis. Women: Symptoms can include: Itching, burning, soreness, or redness of the genitals. Discomfort with urination. Thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish. How it s transmitted: The parasite is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person during sex. In women, the most commonly infected part of the body is the lower genital tract. In men, the most commonly infected body part is the inside of the penis. The parasite is usually transmitted from a penis to a vagina, vagina to penis, or vagina to vagina. It is not common for the parasite to infect other body parts such as the hands, mouth, or anus. Treatment: Antibiotics can cure the infection. Both partners should be treated at the same time to prevent the infection from being passed back and forth. Both partners should abstain from sex until the infection is gone. Prevention: There is no vaccine for Trich. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 5 of 5

6 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) What is it: HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and eventually causes AIDS if left untreated. How common: It is estimated that 50,000 people are infected with HIV each year. Nearly two-thirds of these infections occur in gay and bisexual men. Black/African American men and women have an incidence rate that is 8 times that of the incidence rate of whites. Symptoms: Flu like symptoms may be experienced 1-2 months after exposure to HIV. These symptoms typically go away and there is a progression through asymptomatic infection where the virus is killing T cells but not to the full extent as is seen in AIDS. This can last up to 2 years for children and 10 years for adults. During the period of asymptomatic infection symptoms can include: Swollen lymph nodes Lack of energy Continuous skin rashes Short-term memory loss Frequent fevers How it s transmitted: Through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Also by sharing contaminated needles and from mother-to-child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Treatment: There is no cure for HIV or AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow the progress of the HIV disease and delay the onset of AIDS. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve a person s chance of living a longer and healthier life. Prevention: There is no vaccine for HIV. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Strong STD prevention, testing, and treatment can play a vital role in comprehensive programs to prevent sexual transmission of HIV Hepatitis-B What is it: Hepatitis-B is a viral infection that affects the liver. Hep-B can be an acute (mild) illness, or can become a chronic (serious) illness. How common: An estimated 1.4 million people are already chronically infected with Hepatitis-B in the United States with an estimated 38,000 people being newly infected each year. Symptoms: Many people have no symptoms, in particular adults. Symptoms of acute Hepatitis-B can take 1-6 months to appear. Symptoms of chronic Hepatitis- Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 6 of 6

7 B can take up to 30 years to appear. Those who do experience symptoms may include: Tiredness Aches Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Darkening of urine Tenderness in the stomach Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) How it s transmitted: Hepatitis-B is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal sex; sharing contaminated needles or razors; exposure to the blood, bodily fluids, or saliva or an infected person. Infection can also occur through childbirth if the baby does not get vaccinated. Treatment: Acute Hepatitis-B is treated with rest and fluids. Chronic Hepatitis-B is treated by being closely monitored by a doctor and receiving anti-retroviral medications. Prevention: Vaccinations are the best way to prevent Hepatitis-B and are received during childhood. If vaccinations were not received as a child (3 doses), you can be vaccinated as an adult. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to avoid getting this STI. Using condoms consistently and correctly can reduce the risk of infection. Hepatitis-C What is it: Hepatitis-C is a contagious liver disease that can range from a mild to a serious, life-long illness. How common: An estimated 3.2 million people are chronically infected in the United States, with an estimated 17,000 new Hepatitis-C virus infections each year. Symptoms: Most Hepatitis-C infections have no symptoms. For those who do, some symptoms include: Fever Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark urine Joint pain and jaundice Yellow color to the skin and eyes Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 7 of 7

8 How it s transmitted: It can be transmitted sexually, but it is most commonly transmitted through sharing contaminated needles. Treatment: There is no medication for acute Hepatitis-C due to a short-term infection. People with chronic Hepatitis-C will need to be monitored carefully by a physician for liver disease and several medications are available for treatment. Prevention: There is no vaccine for Hepatitis-C. The risk of obtaining Hepatitis-C can be reduced by not injecting drugs or making sure to use clean needles. Quick Study: Sexually Transmitted Infections Page 8 of 8

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