Lecture 2 The Darwinian Revolution
|
|
|
- Alan Casey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lecture 2 The Darwinian Revolution
2 Theories of evolution first developed by the Greek philosophers.
3 Theories of evolution first developed by the Greek philosophers. Anaximander ( BC) wrote about the sudden appearance of humans from fishlike creatures.
4 Is this evolution?
5 Is this evolution? NO! It is spontaneous generation!
6 Two characteristics of spontaneous generation were common to early Greek philosophers:
7 Two characteristics of spontaneous generation were common to early Greek philosophers: 1. Resulted from the generative powers of nature (i.e., not actions of a God).
8 Two characteristics of spontaneous generation were common to early Greek philosophers: 1. Resulted from the generative powers of nature (i.e., not actions of a God). 2. Were nonteleological (i.e., without an underlying design or goal).
9 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) Plato and Aristotle
10 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 1. All species are fixed and eternal
11 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 1. All species are fixed and eternal evolution not possible!
12 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 2. The philosophy of essentialism
13 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 2. The philosophy of essentialism each species represented by its eidos
14 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 2. The philosophy of essentialism each species represented by its eidos variation among individuals of a species is not real, nor important.
15 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 3. The scala naturae or great chain of being
16 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 3. The scala naturae or great chain of being refers to a linear progression of organisms from most simple to most complex.
17 The influence of Aristotle ( BC) 3. The scala naturae or great chain of being refers to a linear progression of organisms from most simple to most complex. over time, believed to reflect the actions of a creator.
18 A 1579 drawing of the scala naturae
19 How did evolutionary thinking develop?
20 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 1. The scientific revolution
21 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 1. The scientific revolution Astronomy earth not the center of the universe!
22 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 1. The scientific revolution Astronomy earth not the center of the universe! Geology evidence for great age of earth, study of fossils
23 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 1. The scientific revolution Astronomy earth not the center of the universe! Geology evidence for great age of earth, study of fossils 2. The discovery of new faunas
24 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 1. The scientific revolution Astronomy earth not the center of the universe! Geology evidence for great age of earth, study of fossils 2. The discovery of new faunas 3. Extinction
25 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 4. The microscope
26 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 4. The microscope provided support for spontaneous generation.
27 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 4. The microscope provided support for spontaneous generation. 5. Development of the science of systematics
28 How did evolutionary thinking develop? 4. The microscope provided support for spontaneous generation. 5. Development of the science of systematics undermined the scala naturae.
29 Evolution according to Lamarck ( )
30 Evolution according to Lamarck ( ) Recognized two causes of evolutionary change:
31 Evolution according to Lamarck ( ) Recognized two causes of evolutionary change: 1. Life has an innate potential to acquire greater and greater complexity.
32 Evolution according to Lamarck ( ) Recognized two causes of evolutionary change: 1. Life has an innate potential to acquire greater and greater complexity. - now called orthogenesis.
33 Recognized two causes of evolutionary change: 2. Organisms reacted to their environments and changed form.
34 Recognized two causes of evolutionary change: 2. Organisms reacted to their environments and changed form. changes were then transmitted to subsequent generations.
35 Recognized two causes of evolutionary change: 2. Organisms reacted to their environments and changed form. changes were then transmitted to subsequent generations. now called the inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance.
36 The science of epigenetics
37 Lamarck s theory of organic progression
38 Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace
39 Thomas Robert Malthus ( )
40
41 Evolution according to Charles Darwin ( )
42 Evolution according to Charles Darwin ( ) - publication of On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life ( The origin ) occurred in 1859.
43 Darwin had two main objectives in writing this book
44 Darwin s objectives: 1. To make the case that evolution had occurred.
45 Darwin s objectives: 1. To make the case that evolution had occurred. 2. To provide a mechanism for how evolutionary change occurs.
46 Alfred Russel Wallace and the Ternate paper
47 Darwin s Five Theories
48 Darwin s Five Theories 1. Evolution per se
49 Darwin s Five Theories 1. Evolution per se the world is steadily changing and populations of organisms are transformed over time.
50 Darwin s Five Theories 1. Evolution per se the world is steadily changing and populations of organisms are transformed over time. 2. Common descent
51 Darwin s Five Theories 1. Evolution per se the world is steadily changing and populations of organisms are transformed over time. 2. Common descent every group of organisms has descended from a common ancestor.
52 Darwin s Five Theories 1. Evolution per se the world is steadily changing and populations of organisms are transformed over time. 2. Common descent every group of organisms has descended from a common ancestor. all species can ultimately be traced to a single origin of life on earth.
53 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species
54 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species this process is now called speciation.
55 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species this process is now called speciation. Darwin s view similar to what is now called allopatric speciation.
56 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species this process is now called speciation. Darwin s view similar to what is now called allopatric speciation. 4. Gradualism
57 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species this process is now called speciation. Darwin s view similar to what is now called allopatric speciation. 4. Gradualism most evolutionary change occurs slowly.
58 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species this process is now called speciation. Darwin s view similar to what is now called allopatric speciation. 4. Gradualism most evolutionary change occurs slowly. 5. Natural selection
59 Darwin s Five Theories 3. Multiplication of species this process is now called speciation. Darwin s view similar to what is now called allopatric speciation. 4. Gradualism most evolutionary change occurs slowly. 5. Natural selection this was Darwin s mechanism for how evolutionary change occurred.
60 Similarities between Lamarck s and Darwin s theories
61 Similarities between Lamarck s and Darwin s theories 1. Lineages change over time - evolution occurs.
62 Similarities between Lamarck s and Darwin s theories 1. Lineages change over time - evolution occurs. 2. A continually changing world drives evolutionary change.
63 Similarities between Lamarck s and Darwin s theories 1. Lineages change over time - evolution occurs. 2. A continually changing world drives evolutionary change. 3. The rate of change is slow (gradualism).
64 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories
65 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories Lamarck Darwin Inheritance soft hard
66 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories Lamarck Darwin Inheritance soft hard Extinction no yes
67 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories Lamarck Darwin Inheritance soft hard Extinction no yes Orthogenesis yes no
68 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories Lamarck Darwin Inheritance soft hard Extinction no yes Orthogenesis yes no Common descent no yes
69 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories Lamarck Darwin Inheritance soft hard Extinction no yes Orthogenesis yes no Common descent no yes Speciation no yes
70 Differences between Lamarck s and Darwin s Theories Lamarck Darwin Inheritance soft hard Extinction no yes Orthogenesis yes no Common descent no yes Speciation no yes Role of environment creates sorts variation variation
71 The Darwinian Revolution
72 The Darwinian Revolution Darwin s theory challenged the prevailing beliefs of his day:
73 The Darwinian Revolution Darwin s theory challenged the prevailing beliefs of his day: 1. The belief in a constant world of limited age.
74 The Darwinian Revolution Darwin s theory challenged the prevailing beliefs of his day: 1. The belief in a constant world of limited age. 2. The belief in a world designed by a wise and benign creator.
75 The Darwinian Revolution Darwin s theory challenged the prevailing beliefs of his day: 1. The belief in a constant world of limited age. 2. The belief in a world designed by a wise and benign creator. 3. The belief in the immutability of species.
76 The Darwinian Revolution Darwin s theory challenged the prevailing beliefs of his day: 1. The belief in a constant world of limited age. 2. The belief in a world designed by a wise and benign creator. 3. The belief in the immutability of species. 4. The belief in the unique position of man in creation.
77 The Darwinian Revolution Darwin s theory challenged the prevailing beliefs of his day: 1. The belief in a constant world of limited age. 2. The belief in a world designed by a wise and benign creator. 3. The belief in the immutability of species. 4. The belief in the unique position of man in creation. 5. The belief in the philosophy of essentialism.
78
79 Evolution in action: the HIV virus
80 Peter and Rosemary Grant Barry Sinervo
81 The HIV/AIDS pandemic
82 Life expectancy in Botswana
83 What is HIV?
84 What is HIV? HIV is a retrovirus (i.e., RNA-based) with 9 genes
85 What is HIV? HIV is a retrovirus (i.e., RNA-based) with 9 genes is diploid (i.e., has 2 copies of each RNA strand)
86 The life cycle of HIV
87 Q: How does HIV cause AIDS?
88 Q: How does HIV cause AIDS? A: By attacking a key player in our immune system CD4 helper T cells.
89 The role of helper T cells in the immune response
90 The progression of an HIV infection
91 Changes in CD4 T-cell count during HIV infection
92 The life cycle of HIV
93 Natural selection, AZT, and the What is AZT? HIV virus
94 Natural selection, AZT, and the What is AZT? HIV virus AZT (azidothymidine) is a base analogue.
95 Structure of azidothymidine
96 Natural selection, AZT, and the What is AZT? HIV virus AZT (azidothymidine) is a base analogue. Incorporation of AZT (instead of T) by reverse transcriptase halts replication.
97 How AZT blocks reverse transcriptase
98 Evolution of AZT resistance
99 Resistance evolves in the polymerase s active site
100 Evolution of the HIV virus
101 Resistance to AZT has evolved in all patients taking the drug (usually in ~6 months)! This is an example of parallel evolution.
102 How does HIV evolve so rapidly?
103 How does HIV evolve so rapidly? 1. High mutation rate HIV s mutation rate is 10 6 higher than ours!
104 How does HIV evolve so rapidly? 1. High mutation rate HIV s mutation rate is 10 6 higher than ours! 2. Short generation time 1 year 300 viral generations.
105 How does HIV evolve so rapidly? 1. High mutation rate HIV s mutation rate is 10 6 higher than ours! 2. Short generation time 1 year 300 viral generations. 10 years of viral 2-3 x 10 6 years of evolution human evolution!
106 Evolution of HIV within an individual patient
107 Where did HIV come from?
108 Phylogeny of HIV-1 and related viruses
109 Where did HIV come from? HIV jumped to humans multiple times from different primate hosts.
110 Where did HIV come from? HIV jumped to humans multiple times from different primate hosts. Inter-species transfers of infectious diseases are called zoonoses.
111 Other examples of zoonoses Malaria (P. falciparum) Marburg fever Cholera Leishmaniasis Plague Hantavirus Dengue fever Toxoplasmosis H1N1 swine flu Rabies Ebola Ringworms SARS Cowpox West Nile virus Lyme disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Yellow fever
112 Human Plasmodium falciparum Chimpanzee Plasmodium spp. see Rich et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 14902
113 Dating the origin of HIV-1 in humans
114 Dating the origin of HIV-1 in humans
115 Dating the origin of HIV-1 in humans
116 Q: Why is HIV infection usually fatal?
117 Q: How do viruses achieve reproductive success?
118 Q: How do viruses achieve reproductive success? à 1. Infect host
119 Q: How do viruses achieve reproductive success? à 1. Infect host 2. Reproduce within host
120 Q: How do viruses achieve reproductive success? à à 1. Infect host 2. Reproduce within host 3. Infect new host
121 Q: How do viruses achieve reproductive success? à à 1. Infect host 2. Reproduce within host 3. Infect new host
122 Strategy 1: Reproduce rapidly within host
123 Strategy 1: Reproduce rapidly within host Chance of infecting new host Host viability
124 Strategy 1: Reproduce rapidly within host Chance of infecting new host Host viability Strategy 2: Reproduce slowly within host
125 Strategy 1: Reproduce rapidly within host Chance of infecting new host Host viability Strategy 2: Reproduce slowly within host Chance of infecting new host Host viability
126 Q: Why is HIV infection usually fatal?
127 Q: Why is HIV infection usually fatal? A: Because the virus is short- sighted
128 Q: Why is HIV infection usually fatal? A: Because the virus is short- sighted - lethal strains predominate because of a shortterm advantage in survival and reproduction.
129 Q: Why has a vaccine for HIV-1 not been successfully developed?
130 Q: Why has a vaccine for HIV-1 not been successfully developed? A1: Because the virus evolves very rapidly.
131 Q: Why has a vaccine for HIV-1 not been successfully developed? A1: Because the virus evolves very rapidly. A2: Because of HIV-1 strain diversity.
132 Distribution of HIV-1 major clades
133 The CCR5-Δ32 allele confers resistance to HIV infection
Lecture 2 Evolution in action: the HIV virus
Lecture 2 Evolution in action: the HIV virus Peter and Rosemary Grant Barry Sinervo The HIV/AIDS pandemic Life expectancy in Botswana What is HIV? What is HIV? HIV is a retrovirus (i.e., RNA-based) with
An Evolutionary Story about HIV
An Evolutionary Story about HIV Charles Goodnight University of Vermont Based on Freeman and Herron Evolutionary Analysis The Aids Epidemic HIV has infected 60 million people. 1/3 have died so far Worst
EVOLUTION. Reading. Research in my Lab. Who am I? The Unifying Concept in Biology. Professor Carol Lee. On your Notecards please write the following:
Evolution 410 9/5/18 On your Notecards please write the following: EVOLUTION (1) Name (2) Year (3) Major (4) Courses taken in Biology (4) Career goals (5) Email address (6) Why am I taking this class?
J. A. Sands, 21 October 2013 Lehigh University
J. A. Sands, 21 October 2013 Lehigh University Cryptococcus, Candidiasis, Aspergillosis Tuberculosis Cholera Plague Bact. Meningitis Salmonella Listeria Leptospirosis Staph. (MRSA) E. coli Clostridium
Emerging Diseases. Biosciences in the 21 st Century Dr. Amber Rice October 26, 2012
Emerging Diseases Biosciences in the 21 st Century Dr. Amber Rice October 26, 2012 Outline Disease emergence: a case study Introduction to phylogenetic trees Introduction to natural selection How do pathogens
Biology 211 (1) Exam 5!
Biology 211 (1) Exam 5 Chapter 25: Vocabulary: http://www.superteachertools.us/speedmatch/speedmatch.php? gamefile=6762#.vkzjcgrvhhw 1. For each individual, describe their philosophy on the idea of species
AP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size
Hepatitis Viral diseases Polio Chapter 18. Measles Viral Genetics Influenza: 1918 epidemic 30-40 million deaths world-wide Chicken pox Smallpox Eradicated in 1976 vaccinations ceased in 1980 at risk population?
Lecture 19 Evolution and human health
Lecture 19 Evolution and human health The evolution of flu viruses The evolution of flu viruses Google Flu Trends data US data Check out: http://www.google.org/flutrends/ The evolution of flu viruses the
In the mid-20th century the structure of DNA was discovered. What is a section of DNA which codes for one specific protein called?
Q1.Our understanding of genetics and inheritance has improved due to the work of many scientists. (a) Draw one line from each scientist to the description of their significant work. Scientist Description
Viral reproductive cycle
Lecture 29: Viruses Lecture outline 11/11/05 Types of viruses Bacteriophage Lytic and lysogenic life cycles viruses viruses Influenza Prions Mad cow disease 0.5 µm Figure 18.4 Viral structure of capsid
CE Unit. Viruses and Vaccines
CE Unit Viruses and Vaccines DO NOT WRITE What is a virus? Have you ever had a virus? What is a vaccine? How is a virus different from bacteria? What are the deadliest viruses? 10. Dengue fever 50 million
Ebola Virus. Emerging Diseases. Biosciences in the 21 st Century Dr. Amber Rice December 4, 2017
Ebola Virus Emerging Diseases Biosciences in the 21 st Century Dr. Amber Rice December 4, 2017 Outline Disease emergence: a case study How do pathogens shift hosts? Evolution within hosts: The evolution
The Struggle with Infectious Disease. Lecture 6
The Struggle with Infectious Disease Lecture 6 HIV/AIDS It is generally believed that: Human Immunodeficiency Virus --------- causes ------------- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome History of HIV HIV
Some living things are made of ONE cell, and are called. Other organisms are composed of many cells, and are called. (SEE PAGE 6)
Section: 1.1 Question of the Day: Name: Review of Old Information: N/A New Information: We tend to only think of animals as living. However, there is a great diversity of organisms that we consider living
Structure & Function of Viruses
Structure & Function of Viruses Discovery of Viruses Louis Pasteur- looks for a causative agent for rabies, says too small, can not find it 1892 Dimitry Ivanosky- studies tobacco disease, can not find
HIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek
HIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek The Viral Life Cycle A typical virus (DNA or RNA + protein) enters the host cell, makes more of itself, and exits. There are two major
LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK. Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV
LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV In the last two lessons we discussed the how the viral life cycle causes host cell damage. But is there anything we can do to prevent
Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment so it can survive is called a what?
A change of an organism over time is also called. Chapters 10 & 11 Evolution Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment so it can survive is called a what? 1 Adaptation James
2.1 VIRUSES. 2.1 Learning Goals
2.1 VIRUSES 2.1 Learning Goals To understand the structure, function, and how Viruses replicate To understand the difference between Viruses to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; namely that viruses are not classified
Killer Viruses: The Why and The How. Amesh Adalja
Killer Viruses: The Why and The How Amesh Adalja MD @AmeshAA Disclosures Stockholder: Merck, Luminex, Evolent Bondholder: UPMC Speaker s Bureau: Merck, Roche Consultant: Roche Funding: Open Philanthropy
11/15/2011. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Viral Genomes. Structural Features and Characteristics
Chapter 19 - Viruses Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV II. Prions The Good the Bad and the Ugly Viruses fit into the bad category
Are viruses alive? Name: Date:
Name: Date: Are viruses alive? Anyone with a cold or the flu virus feels as if they are under attack by some organism. But in the scientific community it's still an open-ended question. This is why viruses
Animal cognition: History and some big ideas. Evolution by natural selection (Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, 1859)
Animal cognition: History and some big ideas From Aristotle to Descartes Are animals mindless machines or do they think and reason as people do? Darwin and evolutionary continuity Psy 362 S 2007, Lecture
Building complexity Unit 04 Population Dynamics
Building complexity Unit 04 Population Dynamics HIV and humans From a single cell to a population Single Cells Population of viruses Population of humans Single Cells How matter flows from cells through
Schedule Change! Today: Thinking About Darwinian Evolution. Perplexing Observations. We owe much of our understanding of EVOLUTION to CHARLES DARWIN.
Schedule Change! Film and activity next Friday instead of Lab 8. (No need to print/read the lab before class.) Today: Thinking About Darwinian Evolution Part 1: Darwin s Theory What is evolution?? And
19 Viruses BIOLOGY. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Structural Features and Characteristics
9 Viruses CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV Lecture Presentation
Viruses. Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to:
Name: 3.5 Responses to Stimuli Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 3.5.4 Viruses 1. Explain the problem of defining what a virus is - living or non-living? 2. show you
November 9, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 19 Evolution and human health. The evolution of flu viruses
November 9, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 19 Evolution and human health The evolution of flu viruses - the potential harm of disease epidemics in human populations has received considerable attention
Q1.Darwin s theory of natural selection states that all living things have evolved from simple life forms.
VARIATION AND EVOLUTION. NAME.. Q.Darwin s theory of natural selection states that all living things have evolved from simple life forms. (a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
Lecture 18 Evolution and human health
Lecture 18 Evolution and human health Evolution and human health 1. Genetic factors 2. Infectious diseases Evolution and human health 1. Genetic factors Evolution and human health 1. Genetic factors P
Natural Selection. Watch mec
B Natural Selection Learning Outcome: 1. Variation within a population makes it possible for a population to evolve over time. 2. Natural selection (survival of the fittest) occurs when more offspring
Grade Level: Grades 9-12 Estimated Time Allotment Part 1: One 50- minute class period Part 2: One 50- minute class period
The History of Vaccines Lesson Plan: Viruses and Evolution Overview and Purpose: The purpose of this lesson is to prepare students for exploring the biological basis of vaccines. Students will explore
Chapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology
Chapter 18. Viral Genetics 2003-2004 1 A sense of size Comparing eukaryote bacterium virus 2 What is a virus? Is it alive? DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat Viruses are not cells Extremely tiny electron
Parasites transmitted by vectors
Parasites transmitted by vectors Often very specific vector-parasite relationships Biomphalaria sp. - Schistosoma mansoni Anopheles sp. Plasmodium falciparum Simulium sp. Onchocerca volvulis Some more
Ch. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus?
Ch. 19 Viruses & Bacteria: What Is a Virus? A virus is an invective agent consisting of a nucleic acid in a protein coat, able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. A bacteriophage ( bacteria
The Biology of Viruses MMI / Biochem 575 SPRING 2015
The Biology of Viruses MMI / Biochem 575 SPRING 2015 INSTRUCTORS: Professor Paul Friesen Professor Andrew Mehle INTRODUCTION: The goal of Biology of Viruses (MMI/Biochem 575) is to introduce upperlevel
Study Guide 23, 24 & 47
Study Guide 23, 24 & 47 STUDY GUIDE SECTION 23-3 Bacteria and Humans Name Period Date 1. One bacterial disease that is transmitted by contaminated drinking water is a. Lyme disease b. gonorrhea c. tuberculosis
Chapter 08 Lecture Outline
Chapter 08 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life
Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life Viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli Viruses lead a kind of borrowed life between
Overview of the Influenza Virus
Overview of the Influenza Virus Victor C. Huber, Ph.D. September 24, 2015 victor.huber@usd.edu General Features of Influenza Virus Infections Clinical Features of Influenza Sudden onset of symptoms Incubation
Special Supplement Part II. The AWAKENING Does Scientific Evidence Support the Existence of a Divine Creator?
Special Supplement Part II The AWAKENING Does Scientific Evidence Support the Existence of a Divine Creator? The Flawed Theory of Evolution FACT:Although science has developed a vernacular, which include
Unit 4 Student Guided Notes
Structure of Viruses Discovery of the Virus Unit 4 Student Guided Notes Many human epidemics were well documented and observed in history, but. The following 3 discoveries shaped our knowledge of viruses
Chapter 39 Viruses. Viruses are tiny. They are much smaller (50 times) than a bacterium.
Chapter 39 Viruses Viruses are tiny. They are much smaller (50 times) than a bacterium. They are not made of cellsand cannot reproduceon their own. Therefore they are not alive according to our rules.
VIRUSES. Biology Applications Control. David R. Harper. Garland Science Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON
VIRUSES Biology Applications Control David R. Harper GS Garland Science Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON vii Chapter 1 Virus Structure and 2.2 VIRUS MORPHOLOGY 26 Infection 1 2.3 VIRAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope
VIRUSES BIOLOGY II VOCABULARY- VIRUSES (22 Words) 1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope 4. Provirus 5. Retrovirus 6. Reverse transcriptase 7. Bacteriophage 8. Lytic Cycle 9. Virulent 10. Lysis 11. Lysogenic Cycle
Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks. Monday, March 26, 18
Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks Human Health and Environmental Risks There are 3 major categories of risk for human health? 1. Physical (natural disasters, UV exposure) 2. *Biological (all
The Immune System and Disease
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section 40 1 Infectious Disease (pages 1029 1033) This section describes the causes of disease and explains how infectious diseases are transmitted Introduction
Chapter 11 Future of Human Evolution
1 Physical Anthropology Dr. Leanna Wolfe Summer 2014 Quiz #15 Chapter 11 Future of Human Evolution 1. T/F The processes of growth and development remain constant, regardless of environmental conditions.
CE Unit 7. Viruses and Vaccines
CE Unit 7 Viruses and Vaccines DO NOT WRITE What is a virus? Have you ever had a virus? What is a vaccine? How is a virus different from bacteria? What are the deadliest viruses? 10. Dengue fever 50 million
Viruses. Picture from:
Viruses Understand the structure of bacteriophages & human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Appreciate that viruses replicate in host cells (thereby destroying them) Picture from: http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/lxvii1/viruses.html
2. Of the things that were not considered alive (never living), name one characteristic of life that none of them had.
LAB: Is it Alive? 1. What are the 8 characteristics of life (from your book list them in order)? 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - Object Number What is the object? Living; Once Living; Made by a Living Thing; Never
Microevolution: The Forces of Evolutionary Change Part 2. Lecture 23
Microevolution: The Forces of Evolutionary Change Part 2 Lecture 23 Outline Conditions that cause evolutionary change Natural vs artificial selection Nonrandom mating and sexual selection The role of chance
Infection, Detection, Prevention...
Infection, Detection, Prevention... A disease is any change that disrupts the normal function of one or more body systems. Non infectious diseases are typically caused by exposure to chemicals or are inherited.
Viruses. Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus
Viruses Rotavirus (causes stomach flu) HIV virus What is a virus? A virus is a microscopic, infectious agent that may infect any type of living cell. Viruses must infect living cells in order to make more
Evolution of influenza
Evolution of influenza Today: 1. Global health impact of flu - why should we care? 2. - what are the components of the virus and how do they change? 3. Where does influenza come from? - are there animal
LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK. How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Eukaryotic: Non-bacterial cell type (bacteria are prokaryotes).. LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication This lesson extends the principles we learned in Unit
The Biology of Viruses MMI / Biochem 575 SPRING 2015
The Biology of Viruses MMI / Biochem 575 SPRING 2015 INSTRUCTORS: Professor Paul Friesen Professor Andrew Mehle INTRODUCTION: The goal of Biology of Viruses (MMI/Biochem 575) is to introduce upper-level
4/28/2013. The Ever-Evolving Flu p The 1918 Flu p. 617
The Ever-Evolving Flu p. 615 1. Influenza (Fig 18.10) rapidly evolves each year, and processes such as reassortment give rise to new genotypes. 2. Flu virus evolves rapidly to evade our immune system (Fig
5/6/17. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms
5/6/17 Disease Diseases I. II. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Biol 105 Chapter 13a Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic.
CONTENTS. 1. Introduction. 4. Virology. 2. Virus Structure. 5. Virus and Medicine. 3. Virus Replication. 6. Review
CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4. Virology 2. Virus Structure 5. Virus and Medicine 3. Virus Replication 6. Review We have all gotten viruses from bacteria, plants to animals. Viruses cause colds, flu, warts
NJDOH-approved confirmed NJDOH-approved confirmed AND probable
Technical Notes for January 3, 2016 December 31, 2016 New Jersey Reportable Communicable Disease Summary Report (excludes sexually transmitted diseases [chancroid, chlamydia, granuloma inguinale, gonorrhea,
WILDLIFE DISEASE - PRESENT YET EMERGING THREAT
WILDLIFE DISEASE - PRESENT YET EMERGING THREAT Disease whether driven by pathogens, pollutants, genetics, or dietary deficiencies can threaten vulnerable wildlife populations as significantly as do overhunting
7.014 Problem Set 7 Solutions
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 7.014 Problem Set 7 Solutions Question 1 Part A Antigen binding site Antigen binding site Variable region Light chain Light chain Variable
Viral Genetics. BIT 220 Chapter 16
Viral Genetics BIT 220 Chapter 16 Details of the Virus Classified According to a. DNA or RNA b. Enveloped or Non-Enveloped c. Single-stranded or double-stranded Viruses contain only a few genes Reverse
Immune System. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Class: Date: Immune System Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the bacteria is the cause of pneumonia? a. staphylococci c. Treponema
Events detected by national surveillance system (see Annex 1)
WHA58.3 ANNEX 2 DECISION INSTRUMENT FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND NOTIFICATION OF EVENTS THAT MAY CONSTITUTE A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN Events detected by national surveillance system
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Viruses Virology-study of viruses Characteristics: acellular obligate intracellular parasites no ribosomes or means
Ch 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Ch 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Highlight Disease: Malaria World s dominant protozoal disease. Four species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum (malignant), P. vivax (begnin),
Biology 350: Microbial Diversity
Biology 350: Microbial Diversity Strange Invaders: Viruses, viroids, and prions. Lecture #27 7 November 2007-1- Notice handouts and announcements for today: Outline and study questions A 1999 paper discussing
Revisiting the Definition of Living Thing
Biology of Viruses (Ch 0 p77 and 88-9) What do you already know about viruses? Revisiting the Definition of Living Thing How did we define a living thing? H0 DOMAIN ARCHAEA virus So, if the Cell Theory
The Flu: The Virus, The Vaccine, and Surveillance. Joanna Malukiewicz GK12 Program School of Life Sciences Arizona State University
The Flu: The Virus, The Vaccine, and Surveillance Joanna Malukiewicz GK12 Program School of Life Sciences Arizona State University What do we know about the flu? What kind of bug is it? How do you know
Vectors and Virulence
Vectors and Virulence UNM Evolutionary Medicine 2009 Joe Alcock MD Goals Understand disease severity in relation to modes of transmission Appreciate clinical applications of virulence evolution Answer
Humisol. This Medical discovery is largely unknown for very good reasons:
Humisol Called the missing link to optimum health and nutrition by leading scientists throughout the world, Humisol is a health miracle. Medical studies now show that it has the ability to significantly
Lesson Title: Viruses vs. Cells Standards to be Addressed: Acquisition
Readiness Standards: 4.C: compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza
to change size? Abstract Introduction
December JANuary 017 019 Can What medicine causes lizards stop malaria? brains to change size? v Authors: Susan Crow, Meghan Pawlowski, Manyowa Meki, Lara Authors: LaDage, Timothy Roth II, Cynthia Downs,
Human Genome Complexity, Viruses & Genetic Variability
Human Genome Complexity, Viruses & Genetic Variability (Learning Objectives) Learn the types of DNA sequences present in the Human Genome other than genes coding for functional proteins. Review what you
SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE. 1. The diameter of viruses ranges from about a. 1 to 2 nm. b. 20 to 250 nm. c. 1 to 2 µm. d. 20 to 250 µm.
SECTION 25-1 REVIEW STRUCTURE VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. virus 2. capsid 3. retrovirus 4. viroid 5. prion MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The diameter of
Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks
Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks Three categories of human health risks physical biological chemical Global Death Causes What % of deaths are caused by disease (biological factors)? What
Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS Sudden outbreak in USA of opportunistic infections and cancers in young men in 1981 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi s
INTERfering and Co-Evolving Prevention and Therapy (INTERCEPT) Proposers Day
INTERfering and Co-Evolving Prevention and Therapy (INTERCEPT) Proposers Day Dr. Jim Gimlett, Program Manager DARPA Biological Technologies Office (BTO) April 28, 2016 Arlington, VA INTERCEPT Agenda INTERCEPT
Warts are a skin virus!
Viruses Warts are a skin virus! Herpes mouth virus: Other Viral Diseases Measles Polio Smallpox Influenza Hepatitis B Virus Viruses & Cancer Human Papilloma Virus HPV Tree Man - HPV Is a Virus a Living
HS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.
Unit 2, Lesson 2: Teacher s Edition 1 Unit 2: Lesson 2 Influenza and HIV Lesson Questions: o What steps are involved in viral infection and replication? o Why are some kinds of influenza virus more deadly
Antibacterials and Antivirals
Structure of a Bacterium: Antibacterials and Antivirals Capsule: protective layer made up of proteins, sugars and lipids Cell wall: provides the bacteria with its shape and structure Cell membrane: permeable
Modeling the Effects of HIV on the Evolution of Diseases
1/20 the Evolution of Mentor: Nina Fefferman DIMACS REU July 14, 2011 2/20 Motivating Questions How does the presence of HIV in the body changes the evolution of pathogens in the human body? How do different
This is DUE: Come prepared to share your findings with your group.
Biology 160 Reading Guide 10: Population Dynamics, HIV NAME: This is DUE: Come prepared to share your findings with your group. *As before, please turn in only the Critical Thinking questions on a separate
Lecture 11. Immunology and disease: parasite antigenic diversity
Lecture 11 Immunology and disease: parasite antigenic diversity RNAi interference video and tutorial (you are responsible for this material, so check it out.) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/02.html
Chapter 11 Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
Chapter 11 Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health Risk Expressed in terms of probability: how likely it is that some event will occur. Risk = (Exposure)(harm) Risk assessment (identifying, occurrence, assessing)
8.L.1 Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Why should antibiotics be given to a person who is ill with a bacterial disease like strep throat, but not to a person who has a viral disease like flu?. ntibiotics kill bacteria but not
AP Biology Reading Guide. Concept 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 19: Viruses Overview Experimental work with viruses has provided important evidence that genes are made of nucleic acids. Viruses were also important in working out
We are an example of a biological species that has evolved
Bio 1M: Primate evolution (complete) 1 Patterns of evolution Humans as an example We are an example of a biological species that has evolved Many of your friends are probably humans Humans seem unique:
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: VIRUSES
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: VIRUSES Viruses: a Group of Intracellular Parasites In the 19th century, many rabies cases plagued Europe. In London, for example, 29 deaths by "hydrophobia" were enumerated in the
Chapter 38 Viral Infections
Chapter 38 Viral Infections Primary Objectives of This Chapter Chapter 38 introduces a wide variety of important human viral diseases and serves as an introduction to Medical Virology. It is considered
Microbiology. Microbiology
Microbiology Microbiology What are GERMS? What are GERMS? Microorganisms that make you sick (pathogens) There are many different types of microorganisms: Bacteria (strep throat, food poisoning like E.
Name: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 17 Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Of the following risks to human health, which causes the most human
Selection by Consequences as a Causal Mode in a Science of Behavior. Jay Moore UW-Milwaukee
Selection by Consequences as a Causal Mode in a Science of Behavior Jay Moore UW-Milwaukee As a causal mode, selection by consequences was discovered very late in the history of science indeed, less than
NJDOH-approved confirmed NJDOH-approved confirmed AND probable
Technical Notes for January 1, 2017 December 30, 2017 New Jersey Reportable Communicable Disease Summary Report (excludes sexually transmitted diseases [chancroid, chlamydia, granuloma inguinale, gonorrhea,
Acute respiratory illness This is a disease that typically affects the airways in the nose and throat (the upper respiratory tract).
Influenza glossary Adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US https://www.cdc.gov/flu/glossary/index.htm and the World Health Organization http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/glossary_rev_sept28.pdf?ua=1
2000 and Beyond: Confronting the Microbe Menace 1999 Holiday Lectures on Science Chapter List
2000 and Beyond: Confronting the Microbe Menace 1999 Holiday Lectures on Science Chapter List Lecture One Microbe Hunters: Tracking Infectious Agents Donald E. Ganem, M.D. 1. Start of Lecture One 2. Introduction
Plagues and People & The Economist Exploring AIDS Origins & Predicting Viral Epidemics. Presented by Alexis Fields
Plagues and People & The Economist Exploring AIDS Origins & Predicting Viral Epidemics Presented by Alexis Fields Plagues and People Sans AIDS Book 1976 information AIDS first identified & named 1981-1982
Virus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1
Virus and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - 1 We have discussed the molecular structure of DNA and its function in DNA duplication and in transcription and protein synthesis. We now turn to how cells regulate