Centers for Disease Control August 9, 2004
|
|
- Dwayne Simon
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 HIV CDC site UNAIDS Aids Knowledge Base National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Combination Antiretroviral Therapy June 1998 Am.Acad.Family Physicians The Body: Gene Therapy for HIV/AIDS HIV Infection and AIDS, FDA related treatment, testing, fraud, prevention,clinical trials Interesting article on HIV therapy written for physicians Centers for Disease Control report s of unusual incidence of pneuomonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii and of skin cancers caused by Kaposi's sarcoma. Patient's immune system was imparied CDC recognized a new disease: Acquired Immune Deficiencey Syndrome which is abbreviated AIDS Two years after appearance of unknown disease the infectious agent was isolated. Now called Human Immunodeficiencey Virus which is abbreviated HIV Estimated that 13 million are infected world wide More than 15,000 new infections daily. Ninety-five percent in developing countries. Nearly 50% are in women. It is estimated that worldwide there are 34.3 million people infected million adults 1.3 million children younger than 15 years old More than 71 percent (24.5 million) live in Sub-Saharan Africa 16 percent (5.6 million) live in South and Southeast Asia. click me for more info HIV1 is the strain in the U.S. In Africa HIV2 is also seen. The number infected (2000) is about 50% greater than what was predicted in Centers for Disease Control August 9, 2004 United Nations estimates there are 36.1 million people infected. 3 million died in 2000 alone 16 to 22 million estimated dead since the Cumulative AIDS CasesThe estimated number of diagnoses of AIDS through 2002 in the United States is 886,575. Adult and adolescent AIDS cases total 877,275 with 718,002 cases in males and 159,271 cases in females. Through the same time period, 9,300 AIDS cases were estimated in children under age 13. Estimated number of deaths of persons with AIDS is 501,669, including 496,354 adults and adolescents, and 5,315 children under age 15. start of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow - from 35 million in 2001 to 38 million in An estimated 5 million people acquired the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2003, the greatest number in any one year since the beginning of the epidemic. In 2003, almost three million were killed by AIDS; over 20 million have died since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981.
2 Problems proving that HIV causes AIDS Koch's Postulates cannot be performed. Epidemiological work is difficult because of the long latency (8-10 years from infection to disease). 1. Virus can be isolated from almost all with the disease. Evidence that HIV causes AIDS The Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS 2. Advanced disease correlates with higher virus titer. 3. Asymptotic individuals which have detectable HIV coat proteins later develop the disease. 4. ecipients of contaminated blood subsequently develop AIDS. 5. Needle-stick injuries with HIV contaminated blood often develop AIDS. 6. About 30% of children born to infected mothers are infected with the virus. Those that are infected go on to develop AIDS. But uninfected siblings do not. 7. AIDS does not appear in a new locality without the prior presence of HIV. 8. The single best argument that HIV causes AIDS is that drugs designed to specifically interfere with the viral life cycle suppress symptoms and extend life. HIV is a retrovirus. HIV is a retrovirus. A more specific name for this one is Lentivirus. etroviruses are viruses that have a NA genome which is replicated via a DNA intermediate within the host cell. HIV is similar to NA tumor viruses but is much more complex. Other retroviruses ALV Avian leukemia virus (birds) MLV Murine leukemia virus (mice) virions produced per day during latency period. 1/2 life of virion is about 5-8 hours. During a 10 year period about 4 X10 13 virions are produced. These viruses have a relatively simple mna splicing pattern. ALV has 1 splice donor and 1 splice acceptor and produces 2 different mnas. HIV1 9 genes with 4 splice donor and 6 splice acceptor sites and by the process of alternative mna splicing can produce at least 30 different mnas. To put this in perspective: Current estimate of number of people in the world is 6.65 X It is estimated that the total number of people that have ever lived is less than 110 X 10 9.
3 Structure of the HIV virus A coffin-shaped capsid contains 2 copies of NA genome. It is single stranded. Both are the plus strand. The capsid also contains HIV reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase, HIV Nase and HIV protease. Capsid is made of p24. Protein p17 forms an icosahedral-like container that encloses the p24 sarcophagus. This structure is enclosed by a lipid bilayer. The lipid bilayer was stolen from the host cell. Life Cycle everse transcription complex TC = T, IN, p7, Vpr tiny amount of p17. Nuclear localization Vpr & IN have nuclear localization signals. Are involved in transport into nucleus. The cellular importin 7 protein is involved in this. Importin 7 is a transporter for ribosomal protein and histones. The lipid bilayer contains two very important viral-encoded proteins, gp41 and gp120. Other host-derived proteins may also be present in the membrane. trimer Infection and gp120 & gp41 gp120 and gp41 associate with one another. The complete complex is trimeric (3 copies of both gp120 and gp41). Beta turns are presumably exposed in C3 and C4 regions and are important for CD4 binding. Primary Target:! CD4 helper T cells. The normal role of these cells is to stimulate other macrophages to be more effective in destroying pathogens. They coordinate the immune response. These helper T cells have on their surface a glycoprotein called CD4. The viral protein gp120 binds CD4. The gp120 protein changes shape and exposes a chemokine binding site. Now it binds the chemokine coreceptor. gp41 causes membrane fusion It is clear that the viral p24 sarcophagus enters the cell. The protein coat is removed and the virus's NA genome is reverse transcribed in the cytoplasm into a double stranded DNA molecule. Double stranded DNA molecule enters the nuclease HIV integrase inserts it into the host cell's genome. Now called a provirus. Provirus never leaves the genome. CD4 surface glycoprotein is also found on other cells of hematopoietic origin. It is in high concentration on the surface of mature and immature helper T hymphocytes. It is in low concentration on antigen presenting dendritic cells such as follicular dendritic cells in the lymph nodes and blood dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages. Therefore, early in the infection HIV can infect these cells but at a lower frequency.
4 There are at least 12 chemokine receptors that work in vitro. Two are know to work in in vivo. 1)! CC5 - macrophages, iv & mucosal membrane transmission. Viruses that can access these typically do not generate syncytiums. Important for the initial infection. Dominates early stage of infection - entry vehicle! 2)! CXC4 - T-cells. Syncytium forming. CXC4 is cytopathic and appears late in disease course. Chemokine receptors CD4 is necessary but not sufficient for HIV entry into CD4+ T-lymphocytes. The chemokines act as coreceptors. ambaut, A., Posada, D., Crandall, K. A. & Holmes, E. C. (2004) Nat ev Genet 5, Alleles that confer resistance - AIDS estriction Genes = AGs CC5 "32 About 1% of Caucasians, European ancestry Blocks HIV-1 in homozygotes. Heterozygotes show slow progression. AIDS estriction Genes = AGS esistant to the virions that 'normally' start an infection. Some people have a 32 bp deletion in this gene (second extracellular loop). The receptor is not expressed on cell surface. Cells from people with these gene are very resistant to infection. Seems to have no adverse affect These people can still get HIV, remember that during the later stages of the disease that the types of receptors that can be used changes. These people can catch a variant that can use the CXC4 receptor. CC2b mutation seems to increase the likelihood of delayed disease progression. CXC4 3' UT mutation About 1% Caucasians It delays the onset and the time of death. It is a point mutation in the 3' UT. Mechanism unknown. Why is the disease more aggressive in some populations? Female sex workers in Nairobi 3.5 years from infection to AIDS More than 3X faster than in Caucasians. Data is starting to emerge that says that in this Nairobi cohort the protective mutation s are not found. eference: Sarah L. owland-jones Survival with HIV infection: good luck or good breeding. TIG 14: Good eference for AGS is Human genes that limit AIDS Stephen J O Brien & George W Nelson. Nature Genetics 36: ANTES is a principal chemokine ligand for CC5. Elevated circulating ANTES levels have been detected in exposed individuals who avoid infection and also in people infected with HIV-1 who have a delayed onset of AIDS. Stephen J O Brien & George W Nelson Stephen Human genes that limit AIDS. Nature Genetics 36:565. AGs are important because They suggest effective therapies. One might tailor the therapy based on the AGs present. Knowledge about them is important for the interpretation of clinical trials
5 How does HIV kill cells? A healthy individual has about 800 CD4 positive cells per ml of blood. AIDS patients often have about 200 CD4 cells/ ml. The virus replicates by budding through the cell membrane. This does not necessarily kill the cells. Cells dies by autofusion, syncytial formation and apoptosis. Other mechanisms may await discovery. How does HIV kill cells? Syncytium formation Autofusion Apoptosis An infected cell T helper cell can direct an uninfected T helper to undergo apoptosis (BYSTANDE APOPTOSIS).. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. During development of an organism it is a normal event to kill off some cells. This is done by telling them to commit suicide. This process is called apoptosis. For instance, in the thymus it is normal to eliminate autoreactive T lymphocytes to establish self-tolerance. Genes of HIV HIV has a number of overlapping genes. gag, pol and env are related to the genes found in other retroviruses. These three encode polyproteins. Genes that overlap use the same region of the DNA and NA but are read differently by the ribosomes. Source of Diversity 0.2 errors per genome via reverse transcription Three recombination events per genome per replication cycle. ATE OF ECOMBINATION IS HIGHEST AMONGST ALL KNOWN OGANISMS. NA Pol II makes mistakes. Viral generation time of 2.5 days. Produces to new virions each day. Most cells have 2 or more proviruses. Dual infection is common. ambaut, A., Posada, D., Crandall, K. A. & Holmes, E. C. (2004) Nat ev Genet 5,
6 everse everse transcriptase does not have any error checking ability therefore it makes many mistakes. 5 3 About 5-10 errors occur during reverse transcription.# everse everse transcriptase does not have any error checking ability therefore it makes many mistakes. About 5-10 errors occur during reverse transcription.# p7 promotes the annealing of tnalys3 tna p7 coats the NA and is a CHAPAONE that promotes all types of interactions between the NA genome & the DNA copy. everse everse transcriptase does not have any error checking ability therefore it makes many mistakes. About 5-10 errors occur during reverse transcription. everse everse transcriptase does not have any error checking ability therefore it makes many mistakes. About 5-10 errors occur during reverse transcription.# p7 promotes the annealing of tnalys3 p7 coats the NA and is a CHAPAONE that promotes all types of interactions between the NA genome & the DNA copy. Up to this point is thought to occur during viral assembly. Prior to infecting the next cell.#
7 everse everse everse everse
8 everse Galetto et al JBC 281: Viral recombination Very high replication rates early in infection. Cells very often infected by more than one subspecies. Copy-choice method of viral recombination switching events per each infection cycle At least 10-% of HIV-1 infectious strains are recombinants. ecombination may be a product of the ability of the virus to replicate nicked NA genomes! tna Life Cycle
9 Integration Preferential integration into sites where NA pol II is actively transcribing. Next PP CC5 principle co-receptor for non-syncytium inducing isolates. The ligand for CC5 is usually CD8. A very typical progression is: CC > CC3 and CC2b > CXC and CXC4 As disease advances see appearance of variants that recognize CC3, CC2b. Virions that use these receptors are more pathogenic. Late stages of the disease Chemokine receptor family: CC5, CXC, CXC4, CC2b The CXC coreceptor receptor is used. Virions that use the CXC chemokine coreceptor are cytopathic and syncytium inducing. CXC4 receptor This provides access to a vast number of new targets which were previously unavailable. Skip The progression of receptors may not be valid. This information is from older papers. I have not seen it in more recent papers.
CDC site UNAIDS Aids Knowledge Base http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/insite.jsp?page=kb National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/default.htm
More informationCDC site UNAIDS Aids Knowledge Base http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/insite.jsp?page=kb National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/default.htm
More informationMedChem 401~ Retroviridae. Retroviridae
MedChem 401~ Retroviridae Retroviruses plus-sense RNA genome (!8-10 kb) protein capsid lipid envelop envelope glycoproteins reverse transcriptase enzyme integrase enzyme protease enzyme Retroviridae The
More informationHIV INFECTION: An Overview
HIV INFECTION: An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ
More information11/15/2011. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Viral Genomes. Structural Features and Characteristics
Chapter 19 - Viruses Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV II. Prions The Good the Bad and the Ugly Viruses fit into the bad category
More informationFayth K. Yoshimura, Ph.D. September 7, of 7 HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES
1 of 7 I. Viral Origin. A. Retrovirus - animal lentiviruses. HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES 1. HIV is a member of the Retrovirus family and more specifically it is a member of the Lentivirus genus of this family.
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS Sudden outbreak in USA of opportunistic infections and cancers in young men in 1981 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi s
More informationHIV/AIDS. Biology of HIV. Research Feature. Related Links. See Also
6/1/2011 Biology of HIV Biology of HIV HIV belongs to a class of viruses known as retroviruses. Retroviruses are viruses that contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. After infecting a
More informationHIV & AIDS: Overview
HIV & AIDS: Overview UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR VJ TEMPLE 1 What
More informationImmunodeficiency. (2 of 2)
Immunodeficiency (2 of 2) Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiencies More common Many causes such as therapy, cancer, sarcoidosis, malnutrition, infection & renal disease The most common of which is therapy-related
More informationLESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK. Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV
LESSON 4.6 WORKBOOK Designing an antiviral drug The challenge of HIV In the last two lessons we discussed the how the viral life cycle causes host cell damage. But is there anything we can do to prevent
More informationThe Struggle with Infectious Disease. Lecture 6
The Struggle with Infectious Disease Lecture 6 HIV/AIDS It is generally believed that: Human Immunodeficiency Virus --------- causes ------------- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome History of HIV HIV
More informationFayth K. Yoshimura, Ph.D. September 7, of 7 RETROVIRUSES. 2. HTLV-II causes hairy T-cell leukemia
1 of 7 I. Diseases Caused by Retroviruses RETROVIRUSES A. Human retroviruses that cause cancers 1. HTLV-I causes adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis 2. HTLV-II causes hairy T-cell leukemia
More informationFig. 1: Schematic diagram of basic structure of HIV
UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR HIV & AIDS: An Overview What is HIV?
More informationJulianne Edwards. Retroviruses. Spring 2010
Retroviruses Spring 2010 A retrovirus can simply be referred to as an infectious particle which replicates backwards even though there are many different types of retroviruses. More specifically, a retrovirus
More informationVirology Introduction. Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment.
DEVH Virology Introduction Definitions. Introduction. Structure of virus. Virus transmission. Classification of virus. DNA Virus. RNA Virus. Treatment. Definitions Virology: The science which study the
More information19 Viruses BIOLOGY. Outline. Structural Features and Characteristics. The Good the Bad and the Ugly. Structural Features and Characteristics
9 Viruses CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Viruses A. Structure of viruses B. Common Characteristics of Viruses C. Viral replication D. HIV Lecture Presentation
More informationRunning Head: AN UNDERSTANDING OF HIV- 1, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENTS. An Understanding of HIV- 1, Symptoms, and Treatments.
Running Head: AN UNDERSTANDING OF HIV- 1, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENTS An Understanding of HIV- 1, Symptoms, and Treatments Benjamin Mills Abstract HIV- 1 is a virus that has had major impacts worldwide. Numerous
More information5. Over the last ten years, the proportion of HIV-infected persons who are women has: a. Increased b. Decreased c. Remained about the same 1
Epidemiology 227 April 24, 2009 MID-TERM EXAMINATION Select the best answer for the multiple choice questions. There are 60 questions and 9 pages on the examination. Each question will count one point.
More informationUnder the Radar Screen: How Bugs Trick Our Immune Defenses
Under the Radar Screen: How Bugs Trick Our Immune Defenses Session 7: Cytokines Marie-Eve Paquet and Gijsbert Grotenbreg Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research HHV-8 Discovered in the 1980 s at the
More informationViral Genetics. BIT 220 Chapter 16
Viral Genetics BIT 220 Chapter 16 Details of the Virus Classified According to a. DNA or RNA b. Enveloped or Non-Enveloped c. Single-stranded or double-stranded Viruses contain only a few genes Reverse
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Viruses and hosts Lentivirus from Latin lentis (slow), for slow progression of disease
More informationChapter 08 Lecture Outline
Chapter 08 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
More informationAP Biology. Viral diseases Polio. Chapter 18. Smallpox. Influenza: 1918 epidemic. Emerging viruses. A sense of size
Hepatitis Viral diseases Polio Chapter 18. Measles Viral Genetics Influenza: 1918 epidemic 30-40 million deaths world-wide Chicken pox Smallpox Eradicated in 1976 vaccinations ceased in 1980 at risk population?
More informationHIV Immunopathogenesis. Modeling the Immune System May 2, 2007
HIV Immunopathogenesis Modeling the Immune System May 2, 2007 Question 1 : Explain how HIV infects the host Zafer Iscan Yuanjian Wang Zufferey Abhishek Garg How does HIV infect the host? HIV infection
More informationSome living things are made of ONE cell, and are called. Other organisms are composed of many cells, and are called. (SEE PAGE 6)
Section: 1.1 Question of the Day: Name: Review of Old Information: N/A New Information: We tend to only think of animals as living. However, there is a great diversity of organisms that we consider living
More informationI. Bacteria II. Viruses including HIV. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. 5. Cell wall present in many species. 6. Reproduction by binary fission
Disease Diseases I. Bacteria II. Viruses including are disease-causing organisms Biol 105 Lecture 17 Chapter 13a Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic 2. Lack a membrane-bound
More informationAcquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 491 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The first cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in 1981 but it is now clear that cases of the disease
More information7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7
MI Department of Biology 7.013: Introductory Biology - Spring 2005 Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor yler Jacks, Dr. Claudette Gardel 7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 7 FRIDAY May 6th, 2005 Question
More informationRetroviruses. ---The name retrovirus comes from the enzyme, reverse transcriptase.
Retroviruses ---The name retrovirus comes from the enzyme, reverse transcriptase. ---Reverse transcriptase (RT) converts the RNA genome present in the virus particle into DNA. ---RT discovered in 1970.
More information, virus identified as the causative agent and ELISA test produced which showed the extent of the epidemic
1 Two attributes make AIDS unique among infectious diseases: it is uniformly fatal, and most of its devastating symptoms are not due to the causative agent Male to Male sex is the highest risk group in
More information8/13/2009. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Shapes. Domain Bacteria Characteristics
Disease Diseases I. Bacteria II. Viruses including Biol 105 Lecture 17 Chapter 13a are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic 2. Lack a membrane-bound
More informationLESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK. How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Eukaryotic: Non-bacterial cell type (bacteria are prokaryotes).. LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication This lesson extends the principles we learned in Unit
More informationMicro 301 HIV/AIDS. Since its discovery 31 years ago 12/3/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has killed >32 million people
Micro 301 HIV/AIDS Shiu-Lok Hu hus@uw.edu December 3, 2012 Since its discovery 31 years ago Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has killed >32 million people In 2011 34.0 million [31.4 35.9 million]
More informationImmunodeficiencies HIV/AIDS
Immunodeficiencies HIV/AIDS Immunodeficiencies Due to impaired function of one or more components of the immune or inflammatory responses. Problem may be with: B cells T cells phagocytes or complement
More informationChapter 13B: Animal Viruses
Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses 1. Overview of Animal Viruses 2. DNA Viruses 3. RNA Viruses 4. Prions 1. Overview of Animal Viruses Life Cycle of Animal Viruses The basic life cycle stages of animal viruses
More informationStructure of HIV. Virion contains a membrane envelope with a single viral protein= Env protein. Capsid made up of Gag protein
Structure of HIV Virion contains a membrane envelope with a single viral protein= Env protein Important in receptor recognition Capsid made up of Gag protein (group-specific antigen) Icosahedral Interior
More informationBacteriophage Reproduction
Bacteriophage Reproduction Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles The following information is taken from: http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/index.html#charvir Bacteriophage Structure More complex
More information3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes} ; 3. ACCEPT macrophages / dendritic cells / CD4 cells
1(a) 1. (structure G is {glycoprotein / gp120} ; 2. used for {attachment / eq} to CD4 (molecules / receptors /antigens) ; 1. IGNORE gp 41 and gp 160 and other wrong numbers 3. on T helper {cells / lymphocytes}
More informationVIROLOGY. Engineering Viral Genomes: Retrovirus Vectors
VIROLOGY Engineering Viral Genomes: Retrovirus Vectors Viral vectors Retrovirus replicative cycle Most mammalian retroviruses use trna PRO, trna Lys3, trna Lys1,2 The partially unfolded trna is annealed
More informationcure research HIV & AIDS
Glossary of terms HIV & AIDS cure research Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) ART involves the use of several (usually a cocktail of three or more) antiretroviral drugs to halt HIV replication. ART drugs may
More informationLentiviruses: HIV-1 Pathogenesis
Lentiviruses: HIV-1 Pathogenesis Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, computer graphic by Russell Kightley Tsafi Pe ery, Ph.D. Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology NJMS, UMDNJ. e-mail:
More informationOverview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life
Overview: Chapter 19 Viruses: A Borrowed Life Viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli Viruses lead a kind of borrowed life between
More informationVIRUSES. 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart.
AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR VIRUSES 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart. Viral Part Description of Part 2. Some viruses have an envelope
More informationViruses. Picture from:
Viruses Understand the structure of bacteriophages & human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Appreciate that viruses replicate in host cells (thereby destroying them) Picture from: http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/lxvii1/viruses.html
More informationnumbe r Done by Corrected by Doctor
numbe r 5 Done by Mustafa Khader Corrected by Mahdi Sharawi Doctor Ashraf Khasawneh Viral Replication Mechanisms: (Protein Synthesis) 1. Monocistronic Method: All human cells practice the monocistronic
More informationChapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Viruses Virology-study of viruses Characteristics: acellular obligate intracellular parasites no ribosomes or means
More informationLecture 2: Virology. I. Background
Lecture 2: Virology I. Background A. Properties 1. Simple biological systems a. Aggregates of nucleic acids and protein 2. Non-living a. Cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of a
More informationSection 6. Junaid Malek, M.D.
Section 6 Junaid Malek, M.D. The Golgi and gp160 gp160 transported from ER to the Golgi in coated vesicles These coated vesicles fuse to the cis portion of the Golgi and deposit their cargo in the cisternae
More information19/06/2013. Viruses are not organisms (do not belong to any kingdom). Viruses are not made of cells, have no cytoplasm, and no membranes.
VIRUSES Many diseases of plants and animals are caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. Bacteria and viruses are NOT similar kinds of micro-organisms. Bacteria are classified as living organisms,
More informationA PROJECT ON HIV INTRODUCED BY. Abdul Wahab Ali Gabeen Mahmoud Kamal Singer
A PROJECT ON HIV INTRODUCED BY Abdul Wahab Ali Gabeen Mahmoud Kamal Singer Introduction: Three groups of nations have been identified in which the epidemiology of HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) varies:
More information5/6/17. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms
5/6/17 Disease Diseases I. II. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Biol 105 Chapter 13a Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic.
More informationA VACCINE FOR HIV BIOE 301 LECTURE 10 MITALI BANERJEE HAART
BIOE 301 LECTURE 10 MITALI BANERJEE A VACCINE FOR HIV HIV HAART Visit wikipedia.org and learn the mechanism of action of the five classes of antiretroviral drugs. (1) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)
More informationAntiviral Drugs Lecture 5
Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MLAB 366) 1 Dr. Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy 2 Introduction Viruses are microscopic organisms that can infect all living cells. They are parasitic and multiply
More informationInfluenza viruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics
Influenza viruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Enveloped particles, quasi-spherical or filamentous Diameter 80-120 nm Envelope is derived
More informationImmunity and Infection. Chapter 17
Immunity and Infection Chapter 17 The Chain of Infection Transmitted through a chain of infection (six links) Pathogen: Disease causing microorganism Reservoir: Natural environment of the pathogen Portal
More informationHepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme
WBV21 6/27/03 11:34 PM Page 377 Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme 21 CHAPTER The virion and the viral genome The viral replication cycle The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus A plant hepadnavirus
More information227 28, 2010 MIDTERM EXAMINATION KEY
Epidemiology 227 April 28, 2010 MIDTERM EXAMINATION KEY Select the best answer for the multiple choice questions. There are 64 questions and 9 pages on the examination. Each question will count one point.
More informationBIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture
BIT 120 Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture Cancer DEFINITION Any abnormal growth of cells that has malignant potential i.e.. Leukemia Uncontrolled mitosis in WBC Genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations
More informationChapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2. Bacteriophages. 3. Animal Viruses. 4. Viroids & Prions
Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction 2. Bacteriophages 3. Animal Viruses 4. Viroids & Prions 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction Chapter Reading pp. 393-396 What exactly is a Virus? Viruses
More informationHS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.
Unit 2, Lesson 2: Teacher s Edition 1 Unit 2: Lesson 2 Influenza and HIV Lesson Questions: o What steps are involved in viral infection and replication? o Why are some kinds of influenza virus more deadly
More informationPolyomaviridae. Spring
Polyomaviridae Spring 2002 331 Antibody Prevalence for BK & JC Viruses Spring 2002 332 Polyoma Viruses General characteristics Papovaviridae: PA - papilloma; PO - polyoma; VA - vacuolating agent a. 45nm
More informationChapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology
Chapter 18. Viral Genetics 2003-2004 1 A sense of size Comparing eukaryote bacterium virus 2 What is a virus? Is it alive? DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat Viruses are not cells Extremely tiny electron
More informationLast time we talked about the few steps in viral replication cycle and the un-coating stage:
Zeina Al-Momani Last time we talked about the few steps in viral replication cycle and the un-coating stage: Un-coating: is a general term for the events which occur after penetration, we talked about
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1. Identification of the AIDS Virus a) opportunistic infections observed in homosexual men (all had T4 helper cell depletion) -> termed Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome;
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Ashraf
number 4 Done by Nedaa Bani Ata Corrected by Rama Nada Doctor Ashraf Genome replication and gene expression Remember the steps of viral replication from the last lecture: Attachment, Adsorption, Penetration,
More informationCh 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Ch 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Highlight Disease: Malaria World s dominant protozoal disease. Four species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum (malignant), P. vivax (begnin),
More informationMedical Virology. Herpesviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, and Retro virus. - Herpesviruses Structure & Composition: Herpesviruses
Medical Virology Lecture 2 Asst. Prof. Dr. Dalya Basil Herpesviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, and Retro virus - Herpesviruses Structure & Composition: Herpesviruses Enveloped DNA viruses. All herpesviruses have
More informationPrinciples of Adaptive Immunity
Principles of Adaptive Immunity Chapter 3 Parham Hans de Haard 17 th of May 2010 Agenda Recognition molecules of adaptive immune system Features adaptive immune system Immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors
More informationMID-TERM EXAMINATION
Epidemiology 227 May 2, 2007 MID-TERM EXAMINATION Select the best answer for the multiple choice questions. There are 75 questions and 11 pages on the examination. Each question will count one point. Notify
More informationMicropathology Ltd. University of Warwick Science Park, Venture Centre, Sir William Lyons Road, Coventry CV4 7EZ
www.micropathology.com info@micropathology.com Micropathology Ltd Tel 24hrs: +44 (0) 24-76 323222 Fax / Ans: +44 (0) 24-76 - 323333 University of Warwick Science Park, Venture Centre, Sir William Lyons
More informationAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) By Jennifer Osita Disease The disease I am studying is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) which is when the immune system is too weak to fight off many
More informationChapter 19: Viruses. 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction. What exactly is a Virus? 11/7/ Viral Structure & Reproduction. 2.
Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction 2. Bacteriophages 3. Animal Viruses 4. Viroids & Prions 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction Chapter Reading pp. 393-396 What exactly is a Virus? Viruses
More informationRAISON D ETRE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:
RAISON D ETRE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: To Distinguish Self from Non-Self Thereby Protecting Us From Our Hostile Environment. Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Innate immunity: (Antigen nonspecific) defense
More informationHerpesviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics
Herpesviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Enveloped icosahedral capsid (T=16), diameter 125 nm Diameter of enveloped virion 200 nm Capsid
More informationCoronaviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics
Coronaviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Spherical enveloped particles studded with clubbed spikes Diameter 120-160 nm Coiled helical
More informationACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ITS OCULAR COMPLICATIONS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ) is an infectious disease caused by a retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus(hiv). AIDS is
More informationProkaryotic Biology. VIRAL STDs, HIV-1 AND AIDS
Prokaryotic Biology VIRAL STDs, HIV-1 AND AIDS Prokaryotic Biology FROM THE CDC VIRAL STDs, HIV-1 AND AIDS VIRAL STDs & CONTACT VIRAL DISEASES A. GENITAL HERPES & COLD SORES 1. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-2 (HHV-2)
More informationHIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek
HIV Infection and Epidemiology: Can There Be a Cure? Dr. Nedwidek The Viral Life Cycle A typical virus (DNA or RNA + protein) enters the host cell, makes more of itself, and exits. There are two major
More informationLESSON 1.4 WORKBOOK. Viral sizes and structures. Workbook Lesson 1.4
Eukaryotes organisms that contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes organisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Viruses small, non-cellular (lacking a cell), infectious
More information2.1 VIRUSES. 2.1 Learning Goals
2.1 VIRUSES 2.1 Learning Goals To understand the structure, function, and how Viruses replicate To understand the difference between Viruses to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; namely that viruses are not classified
More informationHIV Transmission HASPI Medical Biology Lab 20
HIV Transmission HASPI Medical Biology Lab 20 Background History of HIV/AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first seen in 1981 when large numbers of people with two rare diseases surfaced:
More informationOctober 26, Lecture Readings. Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell
October 26, 2006 Vesicular Trafficking, Secretory Pathway, HIV Assembly and Exit from Cell 1. Secretory pathway a. Formation of coated vesicles b. SNAREs and vesicle targeting 2. Membrane fusion a. SNAREs
More informationViral reproductive cycle
Lecture 29: Viruses Lecture outline 11/11/05 Types of viruses Bacteriophage Lytic and lysogenic life cycles viruses viruses Influenza Prions Mad cow disease 0.5 µm Figure 18.4 Viral structure of capsid
More informationIntroduction retroposon
17.1 - Introduction A retrovirus is an RNA virus able to convert its sequence into DNA by reverse transcription A retroposon (retrotransposon) is a transposon that mobilizes via an RNA form; the DNA element
More informationVIRUS TAXONOMY AND REPLICATION
VIRUS TAXONOMY AND REPLICATION Paulo Eduardo Brandão, PhD Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine University of São Paulo, Brazil I. VIRUS STRUCTURE
More informationVirion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics
Hepadnaviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Hepatitis viruses A group of unrelated pathogens termed hepatitis viruses cause the vast majority
More informationHands-on Activity Viral DNA Integration. Educator Materials
OVERVIEW This activity is part of a series of activities and demonstrations focusing on various aspects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle. HIV is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are distinguished
More informationAn Evolutionary Story about HIV
An Evolutionary Story about HIV Charles Goodnight University of Vermont Based on Freeman and Herron Evolutionary Analysis The Aids Epidemic HIV has infected 60 million people. 1/3 have died so far Worst
More informationSTRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES
STRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES Introduction Viruses are noncellular genetic elements that use a living cell for their replication and have an extracellular state. Viruses
More informationVIRUSES AND CANCER Michael Lea
VIRUSES AND CANCER 2010 Michael Lea VIRAL ONCOLOGY - LECTURE OUTLINE 1. Historical Review 2. Viruses Associated with Cancer 3. RNA Tumor Viruses 4. DNA Tumor Viruses HISTORICAL REVIEW Historical Review
More informationUnit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIV LESSON QUESTIONS
1 Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIV LESSON QUESTIONS What steps are involved in viral infection and replication? Why are some kinds of influenza virus more deadly than others? How do flu
More informationRAISON D ETRE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:
RAISON D ETRE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: To Distinguish Self from Non-Self Thereby Protecting Us From Our Hostile Environment. Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Innate immunity: (Antigen - nonspecific) defense
More informationMayo Clinic HIV ecurriculum Series Essentials of HIV Medicine Module 2 HIV Virology
Mayo Clinic HIV ecurriculum Series Essentials of HIV Medicine Module 2 HIV Virology Eric M. Poeschla, MD Professor of Medicine College of Medicine Consultant, Division of Infectious Diseases Mayo Clinic
More informationMITOCW S05-L34
MITOCW 7.013-S05-L34 OK. I think we'll get started. So we're going to continue our discussion today about viruses, finish talking about influenza, influenza A virus and the flu, and then talk a bit about
More information1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope
VIRUSES BIOLOGY II VOCABULARY- VIRUSES (22 Words) 1. Virus 2. Capsid 3. Envelope 4. Provirus 5. Retrovirus 6. Reverse transcriptase 7. Bacteriophage 8. Lytic Cycle 9. Virulent 10. Lysis 11. Lysogenic Cycle
More informationFor all of the following, you will have to use this website to determine the answers:
For all of the following, you will have to use this website to determine the answers: http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast.cgi We are going to be using the programs under this heading: Answer the following
More informationARV Mode of Action. Mode of Action. Mode of Action NRTI. Immunopaedia.org.za
ARV Mode of Action Mode of Action Mode of Action - NRTI Mode of Action - NNRTI Mode of Action - Protease Inhibitors Mode of Action - Integrase inhibitor Mode of Action - Entry Inhibitors Mode of Action
More informationMicrobiology 507. Immune Response to Pathogens. Topics in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology. Zakaria Hmama, PhD UBC - Department of Medicine
Microbiology 507 Topics in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology Immune Response to Pathogens Zakaria Hmama, PhD UBC - Department of Medicine October 2012 ecture 1 Mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis 1- History
More informationHIV in Obstetrics and Gynecology
FAST FACTS HIV in Obstetrics and Gynecology Indispensable Guides to Clinical by J Richard Smith, Naomi Low-Beer and Bruce A Barron Practice HIV infection 7 Managing infected women 13 Preconceptual care
More information