The Lymphatic System and Immunity. Chapters 20 & 21

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1 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Chapters 20 & 21

2 Objectives 1. SC.912.L Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. 2. SC.912.L Describe the anatomy and physiology of the lymph system. 3. HE.912.C Evaluate how environment and personal health are interrelated.

3 Objectives 4. SC.912.L Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. 5. SC.912.L Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.

4 Functions Protects us against disease Respond to: environmental pathogens toxins abnormal body cells, such as cancer

5 Pathogens Microscopic organisms that cause disease Ex: viruses bacteria fungi parasites

6 Major Components Lymph a fluid Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid tissues Lymphoid organs Lymphocytes phagocytes

7 Major Components Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Bone marrow

8

9

10

11 Lymphocyte Distribution Wander through tissues Enter blood vessels or lymphatics for transport Can survive many years

12 Lymphoid Tissues Dominated by lymphocytes

13 Lymph Nodes A filter purifies lymph before return to circulation Removes: debris pathogens 99% of antigens

14 Thymus Deteriorates after puberty diminishing effectiveness Site of T cell maturation

15 Spleen Removes abnormal blood cells/blood components Stores iron recycled from RBC s Initiates B and T cell immune response

16 Lymphocytes Produced in lymphoid tissue, organs, and red bone marrow Function: detect problems travel to an injury/infection site Travel in lymph through lymphatic vessels

17 Lymphocytes Make up ~20-30% of circulating leukocytes Most are stored, not circulating 3 classes: T cells B cells NK cells

18 T cells Thymus dependent ~80% of circulating lymphocytes 3 main types: Cytotoxic T cells attacks cells infected by viruses Suppressor T cells inhibit function of T and B cells Helper T cells stimulate function of T and B cells

19

20 B cells Bone marrow derived ~10-15% of circulating lymphocytes Produce and secrete antibodies bind to specific antigens destroys a target

21

22 NK cells Natural killer cells ~5-10% of circulating lymphocytes Attack: foreign cells virus-infected cells cancer cells NK cells Tumor cell

23

24 Body Defenses Provide resistance to fight infection, illness, and disease 2 categories: nonspecific defenses specific defenses

25 Nonspecific Defenses Always work the same way Against any type of invading agent 7 types: physical barriers phagocytic cells immunological surveillance interferons complement inflammation fever

26 Physical Barriers Keep hazardous materials outside the body Examples: skin mucous membranes saliva mucus nasal hair sweat tears

27

28 Phagocytes Attack and remove dangerous microorganisms Examples: microphages macrophages engulf & destroy pathogens bind to pathogen so others can destroy it release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid

29 Immunological Surveillance Constantly monitors normal tissues NK cells ID and attach to abnormal cells (not selective) can attack cancer/viral-infected cells

30 Interferons Trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells do not kill viruses block replication in the cell

31 Complement (C) Proteins Form the complement system Complements actions of antibodies

32 Inflammation Triggers a complex inflammatory response Fever accelerates defenses inhibits some viruses & bacteria Signs & symptoms: swelling, redness, heat, pain

33

34 Specific Defenses Protect against specific pathogens Depend on activities of lymphocytes Specific resistance (immunity) develops after exposure to environmental hazards

35

36 Forms of Immunity Innate present at birth Acquired after birth

37 Acquired Immunity Active antibodies develop after exposure to antigen Passive antibodies are transferred from another source

38 Active Immunity Naturally acquired through environmental exposure to pathogens Induced through vaccines containing pathogens

39 Passive Immunity Naturally acquired antibodies acquired through the mother Induced by an injection of antibodies

40 Effects of Aging Immune system deteriorates increased vulnerability to infections & cancer T cells become less responsive to antigens Immune surveillance against tumor cells declines

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