Supplementary Figure 1. Gating strategy and quantification of integrated HIV DNA in sorted CD4 + T-cell subsets.

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1 Supplementary information HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T-cell survival and homeostatic proliferation. Chomont, N., M. El Far, P. Ancuta, L. Trautmann, F. A. Procopio, B. Yassine-Diab, G. Boucher, M. R. Boulassel, G. Ghattas, J. M. Brenchley, Timothy W. Schacker, B. J. Hill, D. C. Douek, J. P. Routy, E. K. Haddad, and R. P. Sékaly Supplementary Figure. Gating strategy and quantification of integrated HIV DNA in sorted CD4 + T-cell subsets. a CD45RA - CCR7 + Count Central Memory ( CD45RA - CCR7 + CD27 + CD b CD3 copies per X0 6 cells ,000 0,000, CD3 + CD4 + CCR CD45RA Naïve ( CD45RA + CCR7 + CD27 + Terminally Differentiated (T TD CD45RA + CCR7 - CD27 - CD45RA - CCR7 - Count CD27 CD Transitionnal memory ( CD45RA - CCR7 - CD27 + Effector Memory (T EM CD45RA - CCR7 - CD27 - T EM T TD +EM 0 Subject Sorted on CD45RA and CCR7 Sorted on CD45RA, CCR7 and CD27 Supplementary Figure. Gating strategy and quantification of integrated HIV DNA in sorted CD4 + T-cell subsets. (a CD4 + T-cell subsets were isolated after staining with the antibodies indicated in the figure by polychromatic flow cytometry. CD4 + T-cells were sorted according to the expression of CD45RA, CCR7 and CD27. CD27 allows to distinguish between (CD45RA - CCR7 - CD27 + and T EM (CD45RA - CCR7 - CD27 -, while all express high levels of CD27 (CD45RA - CCR7 + CD27 +. PBMC staining from a representative HIV-infected HAART-treated individual is shown. (b Frequencies of cells harboring integrated HIV DNA in CD4 + T-cell subsets from 7 aviremic subjects. Results are expressed as the HIV copy number in X0 6 cells of a given subset. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972

2 Supplementary Figure 2. HIV production following activation of CD4 + T-cell subsets. HIV p24 pg ml -,000,000 = /5 = 2/4 = 2/3 T EM = /2 HIV p24 pg ml - 00,000 0,000 = 0/6 = 0/2 = 3/3 T EM = 0/, ,000,000 00,000 0,000, Subject CD4 + count = 037 cells per µl EM Subject 3 CD4 + count = 463 cells per µl T EM 0 500,000 HIV p24 pg ml -,000,000 00,000 0,000 = 0/6 = 0/8 = /4 T EM = 2/3 HIV p24 pg ml - Subject 2 CD4 + count = 890 cells per µl Subject 7 CD4 + count = 344 cells per µl 0 500, = 4/4 = 4/5 = 4/6 +EM 242 T T EM = 3/6 EM 0 500, ,000, ,000,000 00,000 0,000, T EM Supplementary Figure 2. HIV production following activation of CD4 + T-cell subsets. HIV production was monitored by p24 quantification after PHA/IL-2 stimulation of sorted CD4 + T-cell subsets from 4 individuals with undetectable viral load. Replicates of 5X0 5 CD4 + T-cells from each subset were stimulated in these conditions. As the number of sorted cells depends on the absolute CD4 + count and on the frequency of each subset in the subjects, we were able to purify 0.5 to 8X0 6 cells of each subset ( to 6 independent stimulations. For each subset, the number of positive wells is represented by filled squares. copy number was determined in all subsets by alu PCR in parallel. For subjects and 7, quantification of integrated HIV DNA is given for +EM because the CD27 antibody was not used in all sorting experiments. In subject, we recovered infectious virus from all CD4 + T-cell subsets containing integrated HIV DNA. In subject 2, the extremely low frequency of CD4 + T-cells harboring integrated HIV DNA explains the small numbers of p24 positive wells (n = 3/3 observed after stimulation. The limited number of and T EM cells purified from subject 3 (2 and stimulation, respectively did not allow us to recover infectious virus from these subsets. Conversely, we were able to recover infectious virus from all T-cell subsets in an individual displaying a high frequency of CD4 + T-cells harboring integrated HIV DNA (subject 7. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972

3 Supplementary Figure 3. Similar infection frequencies in lymphoid tissues and blood from successfully treated individuals. CF463 a b copies per X0 6 cells, PBMC MC CD4 + T cells in total mononuclear cells (% JW479 SR469 TM477 Memory cells in total CD4 + T cells (% CF463 JW479 SR469 TM477 0 PBMC 0 PBMC c copies per X0 6 memory CD4 + T cells 0,000, Blood CF463 JW479 SR469 TM477 d copies per X0 6 sorted CD4 + T cells 0,000, Blood e copies per X0 6 cells, Blood Gut f copies per X0 6 gut cells, ρ = 0.95 P = ,000 copies per 0 6 PBMCs Supplementary Figure 3. Similar infection frequencies in lymphoid tissues and blood from successfully treated individuals. (a Frequencies of CD4 + T-cells harboring HIV integrated DNA in PBMC and matched MC. (b Percentages of CD4 + T-cells in PBMC and (left panel and percentage of memory CD4 + T-cells within the CD4 + compartment (right panel. (c Frequencies of memory CD4 + T-cells harboring HIV integrated DNA in PBMC and matched. Results were obtained from infection frequencies in X0 6 PBMC and MC after correcting for the relative frequency of memory CD4 + T-cells in each compartment. (d Frequencies of cells harboring integrated HIV DNA in sorted and from and blood of a successfully treated subject. (e Frequencies of cells harboring HIV integrated DNA in PBMC and cells from the GI tract in 8 successfully treated individuals. (f Correlation between the frequencies of cells harboring HIV integrated DNA in PBMC and matched gut biopsies. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972

4 Supplementary Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationship of viral clones from 5 individuals. 0.0 Subject A Subject E Subject C Subject D Subject B Supplementary Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationship of viral clones from 5 individuals. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree was obtained from the alignment of V-V3 DNA sequences. The horizontal branches reflect the relative genetic distances between sequences. sequence was included as a control. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972

5 Supplementary Figure 5. Evolution of viral sequences in 5 virally suppressed subjects. A Ki67 + = 2.2 % Ki67 + = 4.5 % B Ki67 + = 0.9 % Ki67 + = 3.6 % C Ki67 + = 0.9 % Ki67 + = 2.8 % Ki67 + = 0.7 % Ki67 + =.6 % D E Ki67 + = 0.6 % Ki67 + =.4 % Supplementary Figure 5. Evolution of viral sequences in 5 virally suppressed subjects. Phylogenetic trees derived from HIV sequences obtained from and cells of 5 aviremic subjects (subjects A-E at first and second time points (closed vs filled symbols, respectively. Percentages of and expressing the Ki67 proliferation marker are indicated. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972

6 Supplementary Table. Profiles of 34 virally suppressed individuals. CD4+ cell CD8+ cell Patient Plasma HIV count count number RNA 2 (copies/ml (cells/mm3 (cells/mm3 Treatment 3 Duration of HIV infection (months 4 Time of aviremia (months 5 HIV reservoir size 6 < EFV, IDV < TC, AZT, NEV < TC, d4t, NEV < TC, AZT, IDV < TC, ABC, LPV, RIT < d4t, ddi, EFV < TC, ABC, SQV < TC, AZT, EFV < TC, AZT, IDV < TC, d4t, ATZ < TC, d4t, DEL < TC, AZT, RIT < TC, ABC, EFV < TC, AZT, LPV, RIT < TC, d4t, DEL < TC, AZT, ABC < TC, d4t, NEV < EFV, IDV < TDF, NEV, ATZ, RIT < TC, AZT, EFV < TC, d4t, IDV < TC, AZT, EFV < TC, AZT, EFV < TDF, NEV, ATZ, RIT < TC, d4t, IDV < TC, AZT, IDV < TC, d4t, IDV < TC, d4t, ATZ < TC, ABC, ATZ, RIT < TC, d4t, NFV < TC, ABC, EFV < TC, AZT, ABC < TC, AZT, EFV ND 34 < TC, d4t, NEV Mean < Quantifications of integrated HIV DNA in sorted CD4 T cell subsets were performed in cells from patients to 7. 2 Viral load were measured by the Amplicor HIV- monitor ultrasensitive Method (Roche, with a detection limit of 50 copies/ml of plasma. 3 Anti-retroviral therapy: 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; AZT, zidovudine; d4t, stavudine; ddi, didanosine; TDF, tenofovir; DEL, delavirdine; EFV, efavirenz; ATZ, atazanavir; IDV, indinavir; LPV, lopinavir; NFV, nelfinavir; NEV, nevirapine; RTV, ritonavir; SQV, saquinavir 4 Calculated as the time between the first time point with undetectable viral load and the date of leukapheresis. 5 Calculated as the time between infection and the date of leukapheresis. 6 copy numbers in 0 6 CD4 T cells. ND: not determined. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972

7 Supplementary Table 2. Profiles of 5 subjects followed longitudinally. Plasma HIV RNA (copies/ml CD4+ cell count (cells/mm 3 CD8+ cell count (cells/mm 3 Treatment CD4+ Ki67+ cells (% Duration of HIV infection (months Time of aviremia (months A < TC, d4t, NEV < TC, d4t, NEV B < TC, d4t, DEL.5 49 < TC, d4t, DEL C < EFV, IDV < EFV, IDV D < TC, AZT, EFV < TC, AZT, EFV E < TC, ABC, EFV < TC, ABC, EFV Time between time points (months Same as in Supplementary Table. 2 Percentage of total CD4 T cell expressing the Ki67 nuclear antigen assessed by flow cytometry. Nature Medicine: doi:0.038/nm.972