Unit 23: Immunity from Disease

Transcription

1 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Unit 23: Immunity from Disease Name: Period: Page 1 of 51

2 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Chapter 23 assignments Pages/Sections Date Assigned Date Due Page 2 of 51

3 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Infectious Disease Objective: What is an Infectious Disease? Disease -producing agents such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites are called pathogens. (NOT all microorganisms are pathogens) Pathogens are some causes of infectious diseases. Main sources of pathogens are soil, contaminated water, and infected animals, including other people. Page 3 of 51

4 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Transmission of Disease Objective: How are diseases transmitted? Pathogens can be transmitted to a host from reservoirs in four main ways: by direct contact, by an object, through the air, or by an intermediate organism called a vector. The common cold, influenza, and STDs are spread by direct contact. Bacteria and other microorganisms can be present on nonliving objects such as money, toys, or towels. Transmission occurs when people unknowingly handle contaminated objects. Page 4 of 51

5 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Transmission of Disease Objective: How are diseases transmitted? Airborne transmission of a disease can occur when a person coughs or sneezes, spreading pathogens contained in droplets of mucus into the air. Diseases transmitted by vectors are most commonly spread by insects and arthropods. o Malaria and the West Nile virus are transmitted by mosquitoes. o Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are diseases that are transmitted by ticks. o Flies also are significant vectors of disease. Page 5 of 51

6 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Disease Symptoms Objective: What causes disease symptoms? When a pathogen invades your body, it encounters your immune system. If the pathogen overcomes the defenses of your immune system, it can metabolize and multiply, causing damage to the tissues it has invaded, and even killing host cells. Page 6 of 51

7 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Viruses & Bacteria Objective: Host damage by viruses and bacteria. Most of the damage done to host cells by bacteria is inflicted by poisonous toxins. o These toxins can inhibit protein synthesis in the host cell, destroy blood cells and blood vessels, produce fever, or cause spasms by disrupting the nervous system. Page 7 of 51

8 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Patterns of Disease Objective: Describe how diseases have patterns. Some diseases, such as typhoid fever, occur only occasionally in the United States. On the other hand, many diseases are constantly present in the population-endemic disease. (Ex., the Common cold, a family of rhinoviruses) Page 8 of 51

9 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Treating Disease s Objective: How are diseases treated with antibiotics? Treating Diseases with Antibiotics o An antibiotic is a substance produced by a microorganism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Note that antibiotics have NO impact on viruses, only bacteria! Your body also has its own built-in defense system the immune system that works to keep you healthy. Page 9 of 51

10 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Notes page: Page 10 of 51

11 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Name: Period: Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. What may cause an infectious disease? 2. Describe a vector that acts to spread infectious disease. 3. If a pathogen does not overcome the immune system, how will it affect the body? 4. What causes most damage to the carrier host s cells? Page 11 of 51

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13 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Lines of Defense Objective: Describe the 1 st and 2 nd lines of immune defense. 1st line: Barrier defense o broad, external defense walls & moats skin & mucus membranes 2nd line: Non - specific defense o broad, internal defense patrolling soldiers phagocyte (eating) WBCs Page 13 of 51

14 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Lines of Defense Objective: Describe the 3 rd line of immune defense. 3rd line: Immune System action o specific, acquired immunity elite trained units lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies B & T cells Page 14 of 51

15 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. The body s earliest lines of defense against any pathogens make up your nonspecific, innate immunity. Nonspecific defense 1 o 1st line of defense: o Skin - intact skin is a formidable physical barrier to the entrance of microorganisms. o Body secretions (mucus) trap many microorganisms. sweat, tears, and saliva all contain the enzyme lysozyme, which is capable of breaking down the cell walls of some bacteria. Page 15 of 51

16 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Nonspecific defense 2 o 2 nd line of defense: o Inflammation (Inflammatory response) characterized by four symptoms redness, swelling, pain, and heat ; histamine released causes blood vessels in the injured area to dilate (redness), which makes them more permeable to tissue fluid. Fluid that leaks from the vessels helps the body destroy toxic agents and restore homeostasis (swelling, pain, & heat). Page 16 of 51

17 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Nonspecific defense 2 o 2 nd line of defense: o After a few days, infected tissue harbors a collection of live and dead white blood cells, multiplying and dead pathogens, and body fluids collectively called pus. Pus formation usually continues until the infection subsides. Eventually, the pus is cleared away by macrophages. Page 17 of 51

18 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Nonspecific defense 2: Fever o 2 nd line of defense: o When a local response is not enough a full body response to infection raises body temperature. The higher temperature helps in defense as it slows growth of pathogens, helps macrophages, and speeds up repair of tissues. Page 18 of 51

19 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Nonspecific defense 3 o 2 nd line of defense: o Phagocytosis of pathogens - white blood cells that destroy entire pathogens by surrounding and engulfing them. o Macrophages are white blood cells that provide the first defense against pathogens that have managed to enter the tissues. Page 19 of 51

20 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Phagocytes Page 20 of 51

21 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Nonspecific defense 4 o 2 nd line of defense: o Phagocytosis of pathogens If the infection is not stopped by the tissue macrophages, another type of phagocyte, called a neutrophil, is attracted to the site. If the infection is not stopped by tissue macrophages and neutrophils then monocytes are introduced. Page 21 of 51

22 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Innate Immunity Objective: Describe nonspecific built-in (innate) immunity. Nonspecific defense 5 o 2 nd line of defense: o Protective proteins Interferons are proteins that protect cells from viruses. Complement : help attract phagocytes to foreign cells and help destroy foreign cells. (see pg. 24) o Natural killer cells: type of white blood cell that destroy the body's own infected cells, and may attack cells that form tumors. Page 22 of 51

23 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Lymphatic System Objective: Describe the lymphatic system and its role. The lymphatic system o 2 nd line of defense-the lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection. It is a network of lymphatic vessels and organs. It returns tissue fluid to the circulatory system. It fights infections. Lymph nodes are key sites for fighting infection. Nodes are packed with lymphocytes and macrophages. Page 23 of 51

24 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- The Lymphatic System Compliment-Phagocytosis system Page 24 of 51

25 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Name: Period: Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. Describe the 1 st line of non-specific barrier defense of the immunity process. 2. What constitutes the makeup of pus? 3. Describe the role that body temperature has in the immunity process. 4. Name and describe one role of the lymphatic system. Page 25 of 51

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27 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Acquired Immunity Objective: Describe specific immunity based on prior exposure. Acquired Immunity defending against a specific pathogen by gradually building up a resistance to the pathogen. o This acquired immune response enables these white blood cells to inactivate or destroy the pathogen. o Acquired Immunity involves the production of two kinds of immune responses: antibody immunity and cellular immunity: your 3 rd line of defense Page 27 of 51

28 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Acquired Immunity Objective: Describe specific immunity based on prior exposure. Acquired Immunity o 3 rd line of defense-specific IMMUNITY o Immune Response : a recognition system that distinguishes self from non-self. responds to foreign molecules called antigens stimulates the body to make antibodies : antibodies specific defensive proteins which help to counter antigens in various ways. Page 28 of 51

29 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Antigens Objective: How are invaders recognized? How are invaders recognized? o Antigens chemical name tags on the surface of every cell label all cells as self vs. invader Page 29 of 51

30 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Lymphocytes Objective: Describe White Blood Cell (WBC) lymphocytes. 3 rd line of defense: o Lymphocyte type of white blood cell that carry out the immune response. o Two kinds of lymphocyte: 1. _B_ cells secrete antibodies that attack antigens ( antibody immunity) 2. _T_ cells attack cells infected with pathogens ( cellular immunity) Page 30 of 51

31 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: B cell Lymphocytes Objective: Describe B cell lymphocytes in immunity. 3 rd line of defense: B cells white blood cells that attack invaders in blood o mature in Bone marrow o Patrolling B cells make antibodies against invader immediately o Memory B cells remembers invader make antibodies quickly the next time; protects you from getting same disease more than once Page 31 of 51

32 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Antibodies Objective: Describe antibodies in immunity. 3 rd line of defense: Antibodies proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them. o tag says this is an invader gotcha! o biological handcuffs o antibody attaches to antigen of invader Page 32 of 51

33 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Antibody Immunity Objective: Describe antigen-antibody complex in immunity. 3 rd line of defense: An antibody molecule has antigen -binding sites specific to the antigen. o Antibodies do NOT possess the power to destroy antigens directly, but antibodies tag and identify antigen-marked cells for destruction by a variety of mechanisms. Page 33 of 51

34 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: B cell immune response Objective: Describe the B cell immune response. Page 34 of 51

35 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Name: Period: Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. Describe why the acquired immunity is the 3 rd line of defense in the immunity process. 2. Compare and contrast antigen to antibodies. 3. Describe the role of memory B lymphocytes. 4. Describe how antibodies destroy invading pathogens. Page 35 of 51

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37 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: T cell lymphocytes Objective: Describe the T cell lymphocytes in immunity. 3 rd line of defense: T cell WBCs o T cells mature in the thymus 1. Helper T cells sound the alarm for rest of immune system 2. Killer T cells destroy infected body cells 3. Memory T cells remembers invader & reacts against it again quickly Page 37 of 51

38 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Killer T cell lymphocytes Objective: Describe the killer T cell immune response. Attack of the Killer T cells 3 rd line of defense: o Killer T cells destroy infected body cells o T cell binds to invaded cell & secretes Perforin o Perforin punctures cell membrane of infected cell and the cell bursts ( lysis ) Page 38 of 51

39 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Cellular Immunity Objective: Visualize the cellular immunity process. Page 39 of 51

40 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: The Immune Response Objective: Visualize the cellular immune response. Passive & Active Immunity o Acquired immunity to a disease may be either passive or active. Page 40 of 51

41 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Passive Immunity Objective: Describe passive immunity in immune response. Passive immunity: short term, antibodies passed on, not stimulated by antigens. o acquired naturally by placenta or breast milk o artificially acquired by a vaccine Page 41 of 51

42 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Active Immunity Objective: Describe active immunity in immune response. Active immunity: longer term, conferred by actual encounter with infection (naturally acquired) or vaccine (artificially acquired). o Vaccine substance consisting of weakened, dead, or parts of pathogen or antigen that when injected, stimulates the immune system. Page 42 of 51

43 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Noninfectious Disorders Objective: Describe non-pathogen disorders and diseases. Genetic disorders o Caused by the inheritance of genes that do not function properly. ex: sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis Degenerative diseases result of a part of the body wearing out (ex: degenerative arthritis) Metabolic diseases results in an error in a biochemical pathway Cancer abnormal cell growth Page 43 of 51

44 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Immune System Disorders Objective: Describe immune system disorders and diseases. Disorders of the Immune System o Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens called allergens (ex. animal dander, dust mites, pollen) o The release of histamine causes symptoms: sneezing, increased mucus production in the nasal passages, and redness. Antihistamines can relieve symptoms. Page 44 of 51

45 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Immune System Disorders Objective: Describe immune system disorders and diseases. Disorders of the Immune System o Autoimmune diseases: the immune system also can mistakenly attack the body s own tissues. (ex: Rheumatic fever, Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus) o Immunodeficiency diseases: Immune components are lacking, and infections recur _Acquired _Immunodeficiency _Syndrome (AIDS) AIDS is result of HIV infection ; HIV is NOT AIDS! Page 45 of 51

46 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) o HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus); the virus that causes AIDS. HIV is transmitted mainly in blood and semen. AIDS Objective: Describe Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV kills helper T-cells and can lead to AIDS. Page 46 of 51

47 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Topic: Transplant Rejection Objective: Describe transplanted tissues in the immune system. Attacking transplanted tissue o T-cells and antibodies also can attack transplanted tissue, such as a transplanted organ, that comes from a source outside new host body. o Blood transfusions with wrong antigens (blood type ) are attacked, leading to clotting. Page 47 of 51

48 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Notes page: Page 48 of 51

49 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Name: Period: Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. Name and describe one type of T-lymphocyte. 2. Briefly compare and contrast passive and active immunity. 3. Name and describe one non-infectious disease. 4. Lupus is a disease that usually inflicts younger women. How is Lupus similar to the body s response to a mismatched transplanted organ? Page 49 of 51

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51 Unit 5 The Human Body Unit 23 Immunity from Disease- Notes page: Page 51 of 51