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1 a α chain c β chain C N C N β 2 m α chain b d N C N C β 1 α 2 Supplemental Figure 1 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II structures. (a, b)representation of the structure of the class I HLA-B*41:04 (3LN5; see Bade-Döding et al. 2011), viewed from (a) side and (b) above. The invariant β 2 -microglobulin (β 2 m) chain is in magenta, and the polymorphic B*41:04 α chain is in red. The 11-mer HEEAVSVDRVL self-peptide observed within the antigen-binding cleft of this structure is shown in stick format (yellow). The peptide s N and C termini are labeled accordingly. The molecular surface of this MHC peptide is overlaid in semitransparent mode. (c, d) Equivalent views of the structure of the class II HLA-DQ8 (2NNA; see Henderson et al. 2007). The polymorphic α (HLA-DQA1*03:01) and β (HLA-DQB1*03:02) chains are colored red and magenta, respectively. Residues of the deamidated 18-mer QQYPSGEGSFQPSQENPQ -gliadin peptide that were observed within the antigenbinding cleft of this structure are shown in stick format (yellow). The peptide s N- to C- terminal orientation is labeled.
2 β 1 β 1 α 2 Polymorphism in HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 3 DQA1 mutation DQB1 mutation β 2 Nonsilent substitutions Frequency Mature protein position Supplemental Figure 2 Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphism. Structural and graphical representations of nonsilent polymorphism in the HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 genes. The frequencies of amino acid substitutions in eligible sequences of HLA-DQ (A1*01-A1*06 and B1*02-*06) were mapped onto the three-dimensional structure of HLA-DQ8. Individual positions were color-coded according to the number of distinct amino acid substitutions observed: 0, blue; 1, green; 2, yellow; 3, red. Only complete and confirmed HLA-DQ sequences are represented. References Bade-Döding C, Theodossis A, Gras S, Kjer-Nielsen L, Eiz-Vesper B, et al The impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) micropolymorphism on ligand specificity within the HLA-B * 41 allotypic family. Haematologica 96: Henderson KN, Tye-Din JA, Reid HH, Chen Z, Borg NA, et al A structural and immunological basis for the role of human leukocyte antigen DQ8 in celiac disease. Immunity 27:23--34
3 Supplemental Table 1 Simplified schematic of the organization of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex MHC class II III I Locus/loci DP DQ DR C4, C2, BF B C A Gene product(s) Number of alleles DP-α, -β DQ-α, -β DR-α, -β C proteins TNF-α, -β HLA-B HLA-C HLA-A 28,145 35,144 3, ,069 1,016 1,519 Abbreviations: MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Adapted from figure 7-1 in the following Reference: Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA, Kuby J Immunology. New York: W. H. Freeman
4 NON--MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX DETERMINANTS OF DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY It is unknown why only 2%--5% of HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 carriers develop celiac disease, and although the possession of HLA-B*57:01 and HLA-B*15:02 in AHS and carbamazepine-induced SJS/TEN, respectively, appear necessary for the development of these reactions, they are by no means sufficient. The PREDICT-1 and SHAPE studies showed that approximately 50% of HLA-B*57:01-positive individuals exposed to abacavir failed to develop AHS (Mallal et al. 2008), whereas 3% of carbamazepine-tolerant individuals possessed HLA-B*15:02 (Chung et al. 2004). In vitro studies have advanced the understanding of HLA in drug hypersensitivities, but the roles of other genes and environmental influences remain unclear in these reactions. Genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in cytokine production (Kim et al. 2006, 2009; Park et al. 2008; Pirmohamed et al. 2001) and drug metabolism (Perry et al. 1970, Viznerova et al. 1973) have been implicated in the manifestation of hypersensitivity reactions, and future investigations should include genome-wide analysis of both susceptible and tolerant individuals carrying the relevant HLA allotype. The possibility that TCR gene polymorphism might impact the development of hypersensitivity should also be considered. Narcolepsy, associated with HLA-DQB1*06:02 and mooted to be the result of immune-mediated cell death in the hypothalamus, has recently been further associated with polymorphisms of the TCRα gene locus, suggesting a possible role for specific TCR alleles or TCR regulation along with the defined association with HLA-DQB1*06:02 (Hallmayer et al. 2009). Furthermore, polymorphism in the TCR genes can alter the ability of individuals to mount T cell responses against specific viral epitopes in the same HLA context (Gras et al. 2010). This suggests that some forms of DHS might be restricted not only by ligand presentation on a specific HLA allotype but also by the presence of specific TCR alleles capable of interaction with the immunogenic complex.
5 In addition to genetic factors, underlying disease status of an individual may also play a role in generating the environment necessary for T cell stimulation. For example, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts at the time of drug introduction are thought to contribute to nevirapine hypersensitivities and AHS, respectively (Easterbrook et al. 2003, Martin et al. 2005), whereas differences in renal function have been implicated in allopurinol hypersensitivities (Markel 2005). Further layers of complexity may also be generated by environmental factors, such as diet, that can affect drug activity (Custodio das Dores et al. 2007). The observation that HLA- B*57:01 is associated with AHS (predominantly a systemic reaction) and flucloxacillin hypersensitivity (which manifests as liver injury) suggests that the in vivo metabolism of the drug is also important in understanding the etiology and immunology of the disease. Literature Cited Chung WH, Hung SI, Hong HS, Hsih MS, Yang LC, et al Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nature 428:486 Custodio das Dores SM, Booth SL, Martini LA, Aujo Martini L, de Carvalho Gouvea VH, et al Relationship between diet and anticoagulant response to warfarin: a factor analysis. Eur. J. Nutr. 46: Easterbrook PJ, Waters A, Murad S, Ives N, Taylor C, et al Epidemiological risk factors for hypersensitivity reactions to abacavir. HIV Med. 4: Gras S, Chen Z, Miles JJ, Liu YC, Bell MJ, et al Allelic polymorphism in the T cell receptor and its impact on immune responses. J. Exp. Med. 207: Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, Hesselson S, Winkelmann J, et al Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the T-cell receptor alpha locus. Nat. Genet. 41: Kim SH, Yang EM, Lee HN, Cho BY, Ye YM, Park HS Combined effect of IL-10 and TGF-β1 promoter polymorphisms as a risk factor for aspirin-intolerant asthma and rhinosinusitis. Allergy 64: Kim SH, Ye YM, Lee SK, Choi JH, Holloway JW, et al Association of TNF-α genetic polymorphism with HLA DPB1 * Clin. Exp. Allergy 36:
6 Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, Molina J-M, Workman C, et al HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N. Engl. J. Med. 358: Markel A Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 7: Martin AM, Nolan D, James I, Cameron P, Keller J, et al Predisposition to nevirapine hypersensitivity associated with HLA-DRB1 * 0101 and abrogated by low CD4 T-cell counts. AIDS 19: Park HJ, Ye YM, Hur GY, Kim SH, Park HS Association between a TGFβ1 promoter polymorphism and the phenotype of aspirin-intolerant chronic urticaria in a Korean population. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 33: Perry HM, Tan EM, Carmody S, Sakamoto A Relationship of acetyl transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76: Pirmohamed M, Lin K, Chadwick D, Park BK TNFα promoter region gene polymorphisms in carbamazepine-hypersensitive patients. Neurology 56: Viznerova A, Slavikova Z, Ellard GA The determination of the acetylator phenotype of tuberculosis patients in Czechoslovakia using sulphadimidine. Tubercle 54:67--71
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