DRAFT. Disease Information. Disease. Description of disease and symptoms. Cellular mechanism of disease. Social factors.

Transcription

1 Disease Information Disease Description of disease and symptoms Cellular mechanism of disease Social factors Economic factors Environmental factors Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 2.1

2 Summary of Functions of Proteins Protein Function and location Effect on cell if protein is damaged or missing Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 10.1

3 Sample Procedure: Temperature Procedure 1. Prepare and label the following solutions in 5 separate small empty test tubes: 10 drops of lactase (to be heated in water bath) 4 ml of lactase (control) 4 ml of glucose (control) 4 ml of lactose (control) 4 ml of yeast (control) 2. Set up a water bath by placing a small beaker half filled with water on the hot plate. Turn the temperature of the hot plate to hot. 3. Label five new test tubes: 40 C, 60 C, 80 C, 100 C and untreated. 4. Remove 1 drop of untreated lactase from the test tube containing 10 drops, and place it in the tube labeled untreated. Heat the test tube containing the remaining 9 drops of lactase in the water bath. At 40 C, 60 C, 80 C, and 100 C, remove one drop of the lactase with a pipette, and add it to the appropriately labeled empty test tube. Rinse the pipette in a beaker of water after each use. 5. nce the five test tubes each contain one drop of lactase at the specified temperature, add 4 ml of lactose to each test tube. Swirl to mix. Let each of these 5 test tubes rest for 5 minutes with the lactase lactose solution. 6. While the solution is resting, heat a beaker of water for a water bath to 35 C 40 C. 7. Add 4 ml of yeast to each of the 9 test tubes. After adding the yeast to a test tube, immediately secure a balloon over the test tube opening, tilt the test tube carefully to mix, and place in the water bath. 8. Record observations every 5 minutes starting at 0 minutes, for a total of 7 times in 30 minutes. Contents of each test tube: 1. 8 ml yeast (control) 2. 4 ml glucose + 4 ml yeast (control) 3. 4 ml lactose + 4 ml yeast (control) 4. 4 ml lactase + 4 ml yeast (control) 5. 4 ml lactose + 1 drop of lactase pre-treated at 40 C+ 4 ml yeast 6. 4 ml lactose + 1 drop of lactase pre-treated at 60 C+ 4 ml yeast 7. 4 ml lactose + 1 drop of lactase pre-treated at 80 C+ 4 ml yeast 8. 4 ml lactose + 1 drop of lactase pre-treated at 100 C+ 4 ml yeast 9. 4mL lactose + 1 drop of untreated lactase + 4mL yeast (continued on next page) Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 11.1a

4 Sample Procedure: Temperature (continued) Temperature Data Table Balloon number bservation 1 (0 mins) bservation 2 (5 mins) bservation 3 (10 mins) bservation 4 (15 mins) bservation 5 (20 mins) bservation 6 (25 mins) bservation 7 (30 mins) Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 11.1a

5 Sample Procedure: ph Procedure 1. Prepare, and label, the following 4 solutions in 4 small empty test tubes: 2 drops of lactase (control) 4 ml of lactase (control) 4 ml of glucose (control) 4 ml of lactose (control) 2. Put 2 drops of lactase into five new small empty test tubes. Label the test tubes ph 4, ph 6, ph 8, and ph 10 and untreated. 3. Add 2 drops of the appropriate ph buffer to each of the labeled test tubes. 4. Swirl each test tube to mix. Let all of the solutions rest for 5 minutes. While the solution is resting, heat a beaker of water for a water bath to 35 C 40 C. 5. After 5 minutes, add 4 ml of lactose to each test tube that contains a lactase-ph buffer solution, and the test tube with 2 drops of lactase. Let the solutions rest for 5 minutes. 6. Add 4 ml of yeast to all 9 test tubes. After adding the yeast to a test tube, immediately secure a balloon over the test tube opening, tilt the test tube gently to mix, and put the test tube in the water bath. 7. Record observations of the test tubes every 5 minutes, starting at 0 minutes, for a total of 7 times in 30 minutes. Contents of each test tube: 1. 4 ml yeast (control) 2. 4 ml glucose + 4 ml yeast (control) 3. 4 ml lactose + 4 ml yeast (control) 4. 4 ml lactase + 4 ml yeast (control) 5. 2 drops ph 4 buffer + 2 drops lactase + 4 ml lactose + 4 ml yeast 6. 2 drops ph 6 buffer + 2 drops lactase + 4 ml lactose + 4 ml yeast 7. 2 drops ph 8 buffer + 2 drops lactase + 4 ml lactose + 4 ml yeast 8. 2 drops ph 10 buffer + 2 drops lactase + 4 ml lactose + 4 ml yeast 9. 4mL lactose +2 drops untreated lactase + 4mL yeast (continued on next page) Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 11.1b

6 Sample Procedure: ph (continued) ph Data Table Balloon number bservation 1 (0 mins) bservation 2 (5 mins) bservation 3 (10 mins) bservation 4 (15 mins) bservation 5 (20 mins) bservation 6 (25 mins) bservation 7 (30 mins) Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 11.1b

7 Anticipation Guide: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Before starting the activity, mark whether you agree (+) or disagree (-) with each statement below. After completing the activity, mark whether you agree (+) or disagree (-) with each statement below. Under each statement, explain how the activity gave evidence to support or change your ideas. Before After 1. All living cells need energy to function. 2. If no sunlight is available, the cells of producers immediately run out of energy. 3. All producers and consumers ultimately depend on the sugars that are produced during photosynthesis. 4. Cellular respiration is the process by which oxygen enters the lungs. 5. Photosynthesis occurs in many types of cells in a producer. 6. Cellular respiration occurs in many types of cells in producers and consumers. 7. xygen is needed for every reaction of cellular respiration. 8. Photosynthesis and respiration both require pigments. 9. Photosynthesis and respiration both require a number of specialized enzymes. 10. Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy. Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 12.1

8 Cell Cycle Record Sheet Cell Type: Record the phase of the cell cycle that your cell is in at the start of each round of the activity. Then record what happens to your cell after rolling the number cubes. Round Cell cycle phase at start (G 1, S, M, G 2, G 0 ) What happened to my cell Total number of cells at end of round 1 G STP for a few minutes to discuss: 1) what has happened to your group s cells so far; and 2) the ways in which the cells cycles are the same; and 3) ways the cells cycles differ. Be prepared to share your ideas with the class Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 13.1

9 Cell Cycle Record Sheet (continued) Round Cell cycle phase at start (G 1, S, M, G 2, G 0 ) What happened to my cell Total number of cells at end of round 11 G STP for a few minutes to review what has happened to your group s cells at this point. Discuss: 1) the important events that happen in each phase of the cell cycle, and 2) the kinds of things that can go wrong in each phase of the cell cycle. Be prepared to share your ideas with the class Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 13.1

10 Stem Cell Differentiation embryonic stem cell ectoderm mesoderm endoderm neural stem cell skin precursor cell muscle stem cell hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cell pancreas precursor cell motor neuron photoreceptor hair follicle cell cheek cell heart cell smooth muscle cell red blood cell macrophage cell cell intestinal epithelial stem cell intestinal epithelial cell Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 14.1

11 KWL: Stem Cells Know Want to know Learned Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 15.1

12 HIV Infection Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 16.1

13 Disease Intervention Information Malaria Intervention Information Sheet Intervention Drug treatment to prevent infection Insecticide-treated nets Health education and counseling Switching antimalerial medications Description Medications that are normally used to treat malaria infection can also prevent infection. Nets that are sprayed with insecticide and draped over beds and windows repel and kill mosquitoes that might be carrying Plasmodium. Provides information through newspapers, radio, or television on ways to prevent and treat malaria When drug resistance is found, public health policy recommends new medication regimens. Drawbacks Does not provide 100% protection People must take the correct dosage of drugs for the recommended time and still must avoid mosquito bites. Selection of medication depends on region where malaria was contracted and if the Plasmodium is resistant. Nets must be re-treated periodically. Mosquitoes often develop resistance. Asks people to act according to recommendations New medications may be more expensive. The drugs might cause side effects, including nausea, blurred vision, and mouth ulcers. Some patients have drug allergies. Target population Health infrastructure needed All ages All ages All ages All ages Pharmacies and physicians Distribution of nets Media, community public health officials, volunteer health care workers Surveillance of mosquitoes and effectiveness of medications to determine resistance. Development of new drugs and research on changes in drug combinations. Relative cost $ $ $ $ $ $ $ per person Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 17.1a

14 Disease Intervention Information (continued) Tuberculosis Intervention Information Sheet Intervention Vaccination Antibiotics Treating multiple drug resistance (MDR) with several different antibiotics Screening Education programs Description A shot is adminis tered that triggers the body to build up resistance to TB. This prevents infection with TB. Patients with latent and active TB take a long course (6 12 mos) of anti biotics to eliminate TB infection. Patients with a TB strain that is resistant to the traditional antibiotics are given a mixture of two or three different antibiotics. TB skin test for latent and active disease Chest X-ray Pamphlets, commercials, and billboards are posted encouraging people to cover their mouth when they cough, watch for signs of TB, and to visit a doctor if they suspect they have the infection. This reduces the spread of TB and helps people get treatment as soon as possible. Drawbacks People vaccinated for TB will have false positive results for the TB test. The vaccine is not effective in adults. ften people stop taking the anti biotics when they feel better. This reduces the effectiveness of the intervention, and allows disease microbes to develop drug resistance. The antibiotics can cause unpleasant side effects. ften people stop taking the anti biotics when they feel better. This reduces the effec tiveness of the intervention, and allows disease microbes to develop drug resistance. False positive skin tests can lead to treatment of people who do not have latent infections. People must follow the recommendations in order for them to be effective. Target population Health infrastructure needed Children under age 15 Health care workers to administer vaccine Anyone who has latent or active TB Pharmacies, clinics and health care workers to administer drugs Anyone with MDR TB Pharmacies, clinics and health care workers to administer drugs. Anyone who comes in close contact with a person who has TB Surveillance, highly trained health workers to evaluate the tests, good quality labs, clinics to provide screening Everyone Health providers can deliver education in various settings Relative cost $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ per person Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 17.1b

15 Disease Intervention Information (continued) Diabetes Intervention Information Sheet Intervention Description Insulin injections for Types I and II, diabetes pills to reduce blood glucose in Type II Synthesized insulin and diabetes pills lower blood glucose levels when the body s insulin is absent or at low levels Lifestyle intervention programs Program to support and monitor low-calorie, lowcarbohydrate diet and promote physical activity Lifestyle changes may prevent or reverse Type II diabetes in people who have no complications of the disease. Education Health education to help people understand the facts about diabetes and its treatment, how to identify emergency medical problems early, and how to improve lifestyle habits Drawbacks Patients must inject themselves with insulin every day and sometimes more often. Patients might avoid taking medications. May still have complications and damage to various organs and systems. It s difficult for people to change their habits. Medication might still be needed. People must follow the recommendations in order for them to be effective. Target population People with Type I diabetes and Type II diabetes, all ages People with high blood glucose levels or diagnosed Type II diabetes with no complications Patients living with either Type I or Type II People with Type I and Type II diabetes Health infra structure needed Pharmacies, labs, physicians, needle disposal sites, access to emergency medical services Trained people to run the program Health providers can deliver education in various settings Relative cost per person $ $ $ $ $ Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 17.1c

16 Disease Intervention Information (continued) HIV/AIDS Intervention Information Sheet Intervention Antiretroviral therapy Tuberculosis co-infection treatment Description A treatment by which a combination of antiretroviral drugs works to disable the retroviruses in a patient before they infect more of the patient s cells and replicate. These medications prolong the lives of people with HIV/AIDS. For pregnant women who have HIV, the drugs prevent transmission of the virus to the child during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding. People with HIV/AIDS often become infected with TB as well. This secondary infection can be fatal. Co-infection treatment provides a full course of antibiotics to those infected with both HIV/AIDS and TB. Education This intervention offers classes and distributes educational information about ways to reduce one s chances of contracting or spreading HIV/AIDS. These include using condoms, substituting formula for breast milk, following universal precautions when working with blood, and convincing drug addicts to not share needles. This helps to reduce the number of new cases and the spread of the disease. Drawbacks The drugs can have side effects. Drug resistance develops because the virus mutates at a high rate, especially if the patient does not take the drugs as prescribed. ften people stop taking the antibiotics when they feel better. This reduces the effectiveness of the intervention, and allows disease microbes to develop drug resistance. People must follow the recommendations for them to be effective. Target population Patients who test positive for HIV Those infected with HIV/AIDS and who test positive for TB All ages Health infrastructure needed Pharmacies, clinics and health care workers to administer drugs Pharmacies, clinics and health care workers to administer drugs Health providers and community volunteers can deliver educational programs in various settings. Relative cost per person $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 17.1d

17 Disease Intervention Information (continued) Cancer Intervention Information Sheet Intervention Description Vaccination for microbes (for cervical cancer only) Cervical cancer: HPV vaccine protects against the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus that can lead to cervical cancer. Public programs Screening for cancer Treatment Cervical cancer: Programs to educate women and men about the HPV virus that can lead to cervical cancer and the vaccine available to prevent infection by HPV Skin cancer: Programs to educate people about the risks of sun exposure and showing what signs of skin cancer to look for Cervical cancer: tests done during regular physical exams detect abnormal tissue Skin cancer: During regular physical exams primary care providers look for odd moles or lesions. Those with previous history are screened regularly. Cervical cancer: surgery removes cancerous cells or the uterus; chemotherapy or radiation targets cells that may have spread. Skin cancer: surgery to remove cancer cells and some surrounding tissue; chemotherapy or radiation if cancer has spread to certain other parts of the body; topical chemotherapy or freezing/burning treatment to remove precancerous lesions Drawbacks Target population Health infra structure needed Vaccination must be refrigerated. Must be administered before person is sexually active. Women starting at age 11 or 12 Health care workers to administer vaccine People must follow the recommendations in order for them to be effective. Cervical cancer: women starting at age 16 Skin cancer: teenagers and adults Advertising and marketing agencies Millions of people do not have access to regular primary care Cervical cancer: women starting at age 16 Skin cancer: adults in their 20s and older, especially those with previous history Doctors to perform biopsies of abnormal tissue, high-quality labs to evaluate tissue, doctors/clinics Cervical cancer: chemotherapy or radiation kills normal cells in addition to cancer cells; can cause side effects. Skin cancer: chemotherapy or radiation success rates are relatively low Patients with cervical or skin cancer Hospitals/clinics; surgeons and cancer specialists; skilled health care workers to administer radiation/ chemotherapy Relative cost $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ per person Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 17.1e

18 Disease Intervention Information (continued) Rotavirus Intervention Information Sheet Intervention Promote breastfeeding ral rehydration therapy (RT) or intravenous rehydration therapy (IRT) Rotavirus immunization Water sanitation system, community water filters Hand-washing and sanitation promotion Description Health care workers encourage mothers to breastfeed children until the age of six months and give them no other food. This ensures children do not ingest water-borne vectors. Breast milk also contains antibodies. RT involves drinking a solution containing antimicrobial agents that kill the virus and that replaces fluids and nutrients. Intravenous therapy requires an IV in a hospital setting. A vaccine builds babies immunity to rotavirus, making them less likely to contract the disease or get a severe case of it. The treatment of sewage keeps human waste out of drinking supplies and decreases exposure to water-borne pathogens. This intervention is an educational campaign that teaches people the importance of washing hands and other sanitary practices to reduce the spread of pathogens. Drawbacks In some areas mothers should be tested for HIV first. Infants who need to be hospitalized to receive IV treatments may live in areas too far from a hospital. Requires refrigeration Requires long-term maintenance People must follow the recommendations for them to be effective. Target population Health infra structure needed Relative cost per person Infants 6-months old and younger, and mothers of infants 6-months old and younger Public health personnel Anyone with a severe case Emergency medical personnel, hospitals and/or emergency rooms, health care workers, pharmacies Babies up to 6 months old Health care workers to administer vaccine, refrigeration All ages $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ All ages Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 17.1f

19 World Health Proposals Disease Scope of the problem Intervention Malaria Tuberculosis Diabetes HIV/AIDS Cancer Rotavirus Science and Global Issues/cell biology Student sheet 18.1