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1 018/)1,5 En 5oKJD )IE=! 191

2 /)1,5 En 5oKJD )IE=!

3 +oknjho.=?j5daaji )./0)N156)N 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI.%% 5;)2,7N-5+)2*, )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd.% 5;)2,7N-5+)2, '%'?AnIKI 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5ANH=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI N.). N.). a +HK@A*EHJD4=JAFAH ''' "&.' 5;)2,7N-5+)2, +HK@A,A=JD4=JAFAH ''' '." 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n N.). N.). a 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI N.). N.). a M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA ''# & 7N5J=JEIJE?I,ELEIEon, >EHJDI MEllAnnEKm1n@E?=JoHI,=J=>=IA, 0Km=n,ALAloFmAnJ1n@ANH=nk N.). N.). a )@KlJlEJAH=?OH=JAI=CA#=n@=>oLA N.). N.). a 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA N.). N.). a 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon * N.). N.). a LEBAANFA?J=n?OOA=HI N.). N.). a /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$ N.). N.). a 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEon 7N5J=JEIJE?I,ELEIEon, B=?ElEJEAI MEllAnnEKm1n@E?=JoHI,=J=>=IA, 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI!7N5J=JEIJE?I,ELEIEon, MEllAnnEKm1n@E?=JoHI,=J=>=IA, 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 N.). N.). a 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 N.). N.). a 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon N.). N.). a 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI N.). N.). a 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI N.). N.). a * 5J=JEIJE?=l ;A=H>ook BoH )IE= =n@ JDA 2=?EBE? 5;)2, 7nEJA@ N=JEonI -?onome? =n@ 5o?E=l +ommeiieon BoH )IE= =n@ JDA 2=?EBE? 7N-5+)2, l One of the poorest countries in the region. l Information on HIV/AIDS is scant. l Devastated by protracted armed conflicts since l Vulnerability factors indicate the possibility of rapid spread of the epidemic if preventive efforts l Large number of internally displaced persons. are not taken immediately. l Women s rights suppressed for several years. l Low socio-political and economic status of l Lack of social and health infrastructure, which women. impedes access to essential services. l Large numbers of displaced people. l Placed at 173 out of a list of 191 countries by WHO l Extremely poor social and public health in its June 2000 ranking of healthcare. infrastructure. l More than 2 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan. l World s largest producer of opium, from which l More than 1.5 million Afghan refugees in Iran. heroin is derived. l Drug trafficking, use of injecting drugs and lack of blood safety practices identified as factors that could fuel the epidemic. 018/)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=! 193

4 *)N/L),-50 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI!%." /lo>=l0,4 )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`." /lo>=l0,4 &!" 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI '!! ''' '.& 5;)2,7N-5+)2, ''' ".& 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#`!.& /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI #" /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`''!# /lo>=l0,4 "# /lo>=l0,4 ".!/lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!` '. /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon #. /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI #'." /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$ $ /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEonB=?ElEJEAI #!/lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI '% /lo>=l0,4 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 ''&.% /lo>=l0,4 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 ''&.' /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI ''' #-%' /lo>=l0,4 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI <. 7N)1,5? l Highest population density in the world. l Limited information on HIV prevalence. l Topography makes it highly vulnerable to l Available data suggests that overall prevalence devastating cyclones and floods, which, combined low. with high population densities, results in high l Several socio-economic factors make the country level of damages and loss of life. vulnerable to the epidemic. l Agriculture is the mainstay of economy. l Evidence of a high rate of syphilis (approximately l Urban population has grown from 6 million in 60 per cent) and other STDs among sex workers to 24 million in 1996, about one-fifth of the l Condom use among Bangladesh s 36,000 sex country s population. workers varies between 4 and 28 per cent. l By 2020, the urban population is expected to reach l Awareness levels among the youth very low. Over 80 million. 95 per cent of year-old Bangladeshis do not know a single method of HIV prevention /)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=!

5 *076)N 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI. /lo>=l0,4 )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`.!/lo>=l0,4 '&?AnIKI # 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI N.). N.). a +HK@A*EHJD4=JAFAH!'.' 5;)2,7N-5+)2, +HK@A,A=JD4=JAFAH '. 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#` #.# /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI %% /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`''!& /lo>=l0,4 0Km=n,ALAloFmAnJ1n@ANH=nk " /lo>=l0,4 )@KlJlEJAH=?OH=JAI=CA#=n@=>oLA "%. /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!` N.). /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon %. /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI $. /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$ " /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEonB=?ElEJEAI $' /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI $ /lo>=l0,4 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 ''&!. /lo>=l0,4 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 ''&!.$ /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' $ /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI ''' &`'" /lo>=l0,4 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI <. 7N)1,5? l Around 96,000 Bhutanese refugees present in l Epidemic at a very early stage. (The first HIV Nepal. infection was detected in 1993.) l Marked rural urban migration. l Only nine out of approximately 75,000 blood l One of the world s smallest and least developed samples screened from all over the country have economies, based on subsistence farming, animal been identified as HIV positive. husbandry and forestry. l STIs pose a substantial problem in the country. l There is significant risk of a widespread epidemic if interventions are not intensified. 018/)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=! 195

6 1N,1) 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI &.' /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonCHoMJD'''`.!" )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`.' /lo>=l0,4 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI '!! #.& 5;)2,7N-5+)2, &.# 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#`!.! /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI $' /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`'' #" /lo>=l0,4 " /lo>=l0,4 #%. /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!` "". /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon %.% /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI $!.! /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$!#& /lo>=l0,4 /lo>=l0,4 && /lo>=l0,4 ''& N.). /lo>=l0,4 ''& ". /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' "& /lo>=l0,4 ''' -"' /lo>=l0,4 7N)1,5? l First HIV case reported in 1986 in Chennai, the l Population exceeds 1 billion. Ethnically capital of the southern state of Tamil Nadu. heterogeneous composition. l Rapid spread of HIV from urban to rural areas and l Due to differential levels of economic from high-risk groups to the general population. development across States in India, there is large population mirgration within the country (Infection has been reported from almost all the states and Union Territories.) l Extensive cross-border trade with neighbouring l The second decade of the epidemic is marked by countries (especially Nepal, Bangladesh, visible heterogeneity. Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Pakistan). l Epidemic slowly moving beyond its initial l Existence of some well-established sex work traffic routes between Nepal and India and Bangladesh and India. concentration among sex workers. Sub-epidemics are emerging with potentially explosive spread among groups of injecting drug users and men l Refugee populations from Tibet, Sri Lanka and who have sex with men. Afghanistan concentrated in certain parts of the l Epidemic shifting towards women and young country. people. An estimated 25 per cent of all HIV l Regional disparities in social sector attainments infections occurring among women. Adverse gender bias adds to the biological vulnerability of because the subject (especially health, education women. and social welfare) falls under the jurisdiction of l The burden of AIDS cases is beginning to be felt in state and Union Territories governments. states affected early. l The city of Mumbai in the western state of l HIV prevalence estimated at 3.97 million, ranking Maharashtra and the north-eastern state of Manipur second only to South Africa. have recorded per cent bed occupancy by HIV positive persons in certain referral hospitals /)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=!

7 15L)M1+4-27*L1+O.14)N 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI %.!/lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonCHoMJD'''` )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd N.). '%#` N.).!. a /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon@AnIEJOFAHIG.km ''$?AnIKI!% 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI N.). N.). a +HK@A*EHJD4=JAFAH &.% 5;)2,7N-5+)2, +HK@A,A=JD4=JAFAH $.!5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#`!. /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI!$ /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`''!% /lo>=l0,4 0Km=n,ALAloFmAnJ1n@ANH=nk '& /lo>=l0,4 )@KlJlEJAH=?OH=JAI=CA#=n@=>oLA %$.!/lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!` N.). /lo>=l0,4 $ =@=O''!22275$ 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon $". /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI $&.' /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275 $ #&&" /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEonB=?ElEJEAI & /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI '# /lo>=l0,4 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 ''&.% /lo>=l0,4 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 ''&.# /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' &# /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI ''' &`'" /lo>=l0,4 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI <. 7N)1,5? l One of the world s largest oil rich countries. l First HIV case identified in l Alarming drug use problem that directly affects l An estimated 2271 PLWHA at the beginning of nearly 2 per cent of the population. l Out of this, 2167 are male and 104 female. l Marked migration, heterogeneous population. l Nearly 65 per cent of the infected are injecting drug l Significant level of unemployment. users. l Major route for drug trafficking. l Heterosexual route accounts for 12 per cent of HIV cases. l Iranian nationals working in high-prevalence countries classified by the government as being at risk. l HIV/AIDS situation apprehended to be more serious than generally believed. l The potential spread of infection from injecting drug users to the general population is the main concern 018/)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=! 197

8 M)L,18-5 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI.!/lo>=l0,4 )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`!. /lo>=l0,4 '$ 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI N.). N.). a +HK@A*EHJD4=JAFAH. 5;)2,7N-5+)2, +HK@A,A=JD4=JAFAH ". 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#` #.& /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI #' /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`''!# /lo>=l0,4 0Km=n,ALAloFmAnJ1n@ANH=nk &" /lo>=l0,4 )@KlJlEJAH=?OH=JAI=CA#=n@=>oLA '$.% /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!` N.). /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon %.$ /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI $$.# /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$ ""&# /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEonB=?ElEJEAI #$ /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI /lo>=l0,4 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 ''&!.% /lo>=l0,4 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 ''& ". /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' " /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI ''' #`%' /lo>=l0,4 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI. 7N)1,5? l Tourism is the main industry, accounting for 20 per cent of the GDP and more than 60 per cent of foreign exchange receipts. l Over 90 per cent of government tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism-related taxes. l First case of HIV in the country confirmed in l The reported number of people with HIV, as of 31 December 1998, was 58, of which 48 were foreigners. l All the ten Maldivians were in the years age group, the youngest being 23 and the oldest 42 years of age. l Six persons have died of AIDS. Two appear to have contracted the infection while working at tourist resorts. l A number of factors make the country vulnerable to the spread of HIV, and the government has taken the threat to a small population very seriously /)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=!

9 N-2)L 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI!. /lo>=l0,4 )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`. /lo>=l0,4 ''?AnIKI $ 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI N.). N.). a +HK@A*EHJD4=JAFAH!!.$ 5;)2,7N-5+)2, +HK@A,A=JD4=JAFAH. 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#` ".& /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI % /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`'' #" /lo>=l0,4 0Km=n,ALAloFmAnJ1n@ANH=nk " /lo>=l0,4 )@KlJlEJAH=?OH=JAI=CA#=n@=>oLA ".& /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!`!%.% /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon.& /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI #&.$ /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$! % /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEonB=?ElEJEAI % /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI & /lo>=l0,4 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 ''&.!/lo>=l0,4 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 ''& ". /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' " /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI ''' `"' /lo>=l0,4 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI.# 7N)1,5? l Among the poorest and least developed countries l HIV epidemic characterised by high prevalence in the world. among groups involved in high-risk behaviour. l Nearly half of its population lives below the l Prevalence among street sex workers in poverty line. Kathmandu rose from 1 per cent in 1992 to 16 per l One of the two countries in the world where life cent in expectancy of men is longer than that of women. l Prevalence among injecting drug users rose from l Ethnically and geographically diverse. an estimated 2 per cent in 1991 to 50 per cent in l Seasonal and long-term mobility and migration There are an estimated 20,000 IDUs in Nepal. abroad is common. l Prevalence among STD patients has been l Consumption of drugs is widespread. fluctuating, ranging from 1 per cent to l No identifiable red light areas. The sex trade is 5 per cent in Kathmandu in covert and takes place on the streets and in the l In essence, the prevalence ranged from no parks of Kathmandu and major towns. evidence to 3 per cent. l Trafficking of girls to India a major problem. l Sentinel surveys in pregnant women in 1991 and l Number of Nepalese sex workers in India 1992 in eight districts showed no evidence. (US estimated to range from 20,000 to 100,000 or more. Census Bureau, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Data Base, June 2000) l The HIV situation is rapidly deteriorating from low prevalence to concentrated epidemic. 018/)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=! 199

10 2)K156)N 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI ".!/lo>=l0,4 )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`.& /lo>=l0,4 ''&?AnIKI $$ 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEom=lAIFAHBAm=lAI ''& &. /olahnmanjob 2=kEIJ=n, 5J=JEIJE?I,ELEIEon,2oFKl=JEon +AnIKI OHC=nEI=JEon, 5;)2,7N-5+)2, '.# 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#` #.# /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI &# /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`'' N.). /lo>=l0,4 /lo>=l0,4 "!. /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!`!. /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon!!. /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI $. /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$ ' & /lo>=l0,4 $ /lo>=l0,4 && /lo>=l0,4 '''.% /lo>=l0,4 ''&!. /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`'' #% /lo>=l0,4 ''' #`%' /lo>=l0,4 7N)1,5? l Among the low HDI countries, with poor indicators l Estimated HIV prevalence remains low at about of social development and high levels of external 0.1 per cent of the population. debt. l Cases have been reported from all provinces but l One million Afghan refugees living in the border appear to have been confined mainly to people areas. engaged in high-risk behaviour. l Labour migration within and outside the country l Most of the infected persons belong to the 20 to 49 is common. years age group l l Commercial sex work is widely prevalent. Infection through the heterosexual route is the most common cause. l Males too engage in sex work. l Infection through contaminated blood and blood l Injecting drug use is widespread. products and through IDU also prevalent. l Absence of universal screening of blood and blood l An estimated 11 per cent of 60, ,000 injecting products. drug users living with HIV/AIDS. l Low condom usage. l l Low education and literacy levels. Low status of women and high rate of female illiteracy /)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=!

11 541L)NK) 2oFKl=JEonmEllEonI &.' /lo>=l0,4 )nnk=lfofkl=jeonchomjd '%#`.!/lo>=l0,4 ''"?AnIKI ' 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 5AN4=JEoBAm=lAIFAH,m=lAI N.). N.). a +HK@A*EHJD4=JAFAH %.!5;)2,7N-5+)2, +HK@A,A=JD4=JAFAH #.% 5;)2,7N-5+)2, 6oJ=l.AHJElEJO4=JAFAHMom=n ''#`. /lo>=l0,4 1nB=nJMoHJ=lEJO4=JAFAHlELA>EHJDI % /lo>=l0,4 M=JAHn=lMoHJ=lEJO4=JEoFAH,lELA>EHJDI '&#`'' $ /lo>=l0,4 0Km=n,ALAloFmAnJ1n@ANH=nk &' /lo>=l0,4 )@KlJlEJAH=?OH=JAI=CA#=n@=>oLA '.$ /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEon>AloMEn?omAFoLAHJOlEnA '&!` $.$ /lo>=l0,4 7H>=nFoFKl=JEon.& /lo>=l0,4 LEBAANFA?J=n?O=J>EHJDOA=HI %. /lo>=l0,4 /,2FAH?=FEJ=22275$!#! /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnC=@AGK=JAI=nEJ=JEonB=?ElEJEAI &!/lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonKIEnCEmFHoLA@M=JAHIoKH?AI &!/lo>=l0,4 2K>lE?ANFAn@EJKHAonDA=lJD=IoB/,2 ''&.%* /lo>=l0,4 2HEL=JADA=lJDANFAn@EJKHAoB/,2 ''&.& /lo>=l0,4 2DOIE?E=nIFAH,FoFKl=JEon ''`''!$ /lo>=l0,4 2oFKl=JEonMEJD=??AIIJoAIIAnJE=l@HKCI ''' '#` /lo>=l0,4 018FHAL=lAn?A=monC=@KlJI <. 7N)1,5? *,=J= HABAHI Jo ''' l Good health parameters. l High literacy rate of 90 per cent. l Low prevalence of HIV/AIDS. l First case of HIV reported in l About 160,000 seek employment abroad annually. l Fifty-two new cases of infection reported between l Significant number of persons employed in West Asia. January and December However, the number of cases reported falls short of the projections l Good immunisation coverage of children against made some years ago. potentially life threatening childhood diseases. l Infection still thought to be largely limited to l Unrest in north and the east because of a separatist individuals engaging in risk-taking behaviour rebellion. l Condom promotion is a sensitive issue, with opposition from the Buddhist and Christian clergy. l Ninety-eight per cent of blood and blood products screened for HIV; collection of blood from professional donors virtually stopped. l IDU is not yet a problem. l Large-scale emigration 018/)1,5 =n@,alalofmanj En 5oKJD )IE=! 201

12 /)1,5 En 5oKJD )IE=!

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