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1 Sections 12.3, 13.1, 13.2

2 Now that the DNA has been copied, it needs to send its genetic message to the ribosomes so proteins can be made Transcription: synthesis (making of) an RNA molecule from a DNA template DNA is too big to leave the nucleus, so it sends it message using RNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

3 Starting molecule: double-stranded DNA Overall, what happens? Segments of DNA serve as templates to make complementary RNA molecules The nitrogenous bases used in the DNA strand are: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine The nitrogenous bases used in the RNA strand are: adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

4 Steps in Transcription: 1. The two strands of DNA separate 2. Each strand serves as a template 3. New nucleotides form a strand of mrna that is complementary to the starting DNA strand (use base pairing rules for RNA) Watch this animation: nscription.html

5 Copy this down and then complete Original Strand of DNA A T G T T C G G A A C T T A C A A G C C T T G A Top Strand (DNA) A T G T T C G G A A C T Bottom Strand (DNA) Complementary mrna strand T A C A A G C C T T G A

6 Ending molecule: single stranded mrna Where does this take place in the cell? In the cell s nucleus

7 One of the many functions of the cell is to produce proteins that direct cellular activities Now that the DNA message has been transcribed into mrna, the message must be read, or translated, by the ribosome so the proteins can be made Translation: The process of decoding a mrna message into a protein

8 Starting molecule: single-stranded mrna Overall, what happens? Ribosomes read the mrna sequence, complementary trna binds the mrna, and the trna adds its amino acids to the polypeptide chain The nitrogenous bases used in the RNA strands are: adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine Watch this animation: nslation.html

9 What is a codon? A codon is made of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid A U G U U C G G A A C U 1. First codon: 2. Second codon: 3. Third codon: 4. Fourth codon:

10 How do you read a codon? 1. Find the first letter of the codon in the center circle of the chart. 2. Find the second letter of the codon in the next ring on the chart, next to the first letter. 3. Find the third letter of the codon in the outer ring on the chart, and determine the amino acid that will be made. You do NOT have to memorize this chart!

11 Steps in Translation: 1. mrna travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it reaches a ribosome 2. Translation begins at AUG, the START codon. The ribosome recognizes this codon, and attracts the anticodon on a complementary trna molecule. 3. The ribosome shifts down the mrna strand, binding the next codon and anticodon. 4. The ribosome joins the two amino acids together and releases the trnas that brought them there. 5. The ribosome continues this process, forming a polypeptide chain.

12 Translation of the mrna message by the ribosome continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three STOP codons. At this time, the mrna and the polypeptide are released. Ending molecule: a protein is made (polypeptide) Where does this take place in the cell? On the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

13 Fill in the complementary trna that will match up to the mrna strand below. When using the codon chart to identify amino acids, be sure to use the mrna strand! Complementary trna A U G U U C G G A A C U Ribosome mrna strand

14 Use the mrna strand to find the first 4 amino acids: Complementary trna A U G U U C G G A A C U Ribosome mrna strand

15 Use the next few slides to check your answers

16 Copy this down and then complete Original Strand of DNA A T G T T C G G A A C T T A C A A G C C T T G A Top Strand (DNA) A T G T T C G G A A C T U A C A A G C C U U G A Bottom Strand (DNA) Complementary mrna strand A U G U U C G G A A C U T A C A A G C C T T G A

17 What is a codon? A codon is made of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid A U G U U C G G A A C U 1. First codon: _AUG 2. Second codon: UUC 3. Third codon: GGA 4. Fourth codon: ACU

18 Fill in the complementary trna that will match up to the mrna strand below. When using the codon chart to identify amino acids, be sure to use the mrna strand! Complementary trna U A C A A G C C U U G A A U G U U C G G A A C U Ribosome mrna strand

19 Use the mrna strand to find the first 4 amino acids: 1. METHIONINE 3. GLYCINE 2. PHENYLALANINE 4. THREONINE Complementary trna A U G U U C G G A A C U Ribosome mrna strand

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