Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System

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1 Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System

2 Immune System Composed of many nonspecific and specific defenses Lymphatic System also plays an important role in establishing immunity

3 Lymphatic System Major components of this system Lymph Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid tissues (nodes, nodules) Lymphoid organs

4 Lymphatic Vessels lymph = fluid leaked from capillaries that remains in interstitial spaces water and dissolved proteins

5 Lymphatic Vessels vessels carry lymph back to venous system vary in size- capillaries, small vessels, trunks, ducts

6

7 Lymphatic Vessels one-way system towards heart right lymphatic duct drains right side above diaphragm thoracic (left lymphatic) duct drains rest of body

8 Lymphatic Vessels ducts lead to venous system drain into R & L subclavian vein system is low pressure, pumpless how does lymph move? valves muscular pumps pressure changes in thorax

9 Lymph Nodes filter lymph as it moves towards heart thousands clustered along vessels inguinal, axillary, cervical remove foreign material bacteria, tumor cells

10 Lymph Nodes contain macrophages engulf & destroy bacteria, viruses lymphocytes type of WBC respond to foreign substances

11 Lymph Nodes kidney-shaped <1 inch long lymph slowly flows through and is filtered

12 Lymph Organs spleen filters blood destroy worn out RBCs thymus gland produces thymosin programs lymphocytes

13 Lymph Organs mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) tonsils remove bacteria entering throat Peyer s patches small intestine wall

14 What have we covered so far? Lymphatic System Components of the lymphatic system Cells Vessels Organs How does this relate to the immune system?

15 Body Defenses nonspecific protects from ALL foreign substances intact skin & mucous membranes inflammatory response specific (immune system) attacks particular foreign substances lymphocytes & macrophages

16 Nonspecific Defenses surface membrane barriers first line of defense skin mucous membranes cells and chemicals second line of defense phagocytes natural killer (NK) cells inflammatory response antimicrobial chemicals

17 Cells phagocytes macrophage or neutrophil engulfs foreign substance digests using lysosomes

18 Natural Killer (NK) cells lymphocytes that can lyse and kill cancer cells & virus-infected body cells nonspecific release chemical to lyse target cell membrane

19 Inflammatory Response triggered when tissues are injured redness, heat, swelling, pain 1. injured cells release histamine and kinins 2. cause blood vessels to dilate 3. activate pain receptors 4. attract phagocytes and WBCs to area (chemotaxis)

20 Antimicrobial Chemicals complement interferon

21 Antimicrobial Chemicals complement proteins 20 proteins circulating in inactive state attaching to foreign substance activates complement fixation binding to sugars or proteins on cell membrane form membrane attack complexes (MAC) lesions in cell surface

22 Complement Proteins

23 Interferon proteins that inhibit viral replication in body cells viruses cannot make ATP or proteins work by using body cells to replicate their DNA interferons bind to cell membrane

24 Fever mild or moderate benefits the body activated by pyrogens (pyro = fire) speeds up metabolic processes including cell repair

25 Specific Defenses Involves specialized WBC s known as lymphocytes which are versatile Response is highly specific Response generates memory Systemic, response not restricted to initial site of infection

26 Antigens substance capable of provoking immune response immune system recognizes them as nonself self-antigens do not trigger a response in ourselves, but do in other people organ transplants

27 Cells lymphocytes B lymphocytes (B cells) T lymphocytes (T cells) macrophages

28 Lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts in red marrow lymphocytes migrate to mature in thymus or remain in bone marrow thymus T cells bone marrow B cells

29 Macrophages engulf foreign particles present antigens to T cells

30 Lymphocytes each reacts to one distinct antigen one for Hepatitis A, one for pneumococcus, etc. migrate to lymph nodes and spleen

31 Specific Immune Response T cells recognize antigens B cells produce antibodies

32 B cells B cell matures when antigen binds to its surface B cell clones itself to make army most become plasma cells produce antibodies memory cells remember antigen

33 Specific Defenses vaccines prime immune system by introducing antigen

34 Antibodies immunoglobulins soluble proteins secreted by active B cells bind specific antigens 4 polypeptide chains disulfide bond antigen-binding sites inactivate antigens

35 T cells activated by binding to antigen antigen presented by macrophage double recognition

36 T cells killer T cells kill virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells helper T cells direct or manage immune system suppressor T cells suppress T & B cell activity end of immune response

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