MICROBIO320 EXAM 1-Spring 2011 Name True/False (1 point each) T 2. T cell receptors are composed of constant and variable regions.

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1 True/False (1 point each) T 1. Mature T cells (lymphocytes) bind only to processed antigen. T 2. T cell receptors are composed of constant and variable regions. F 3. Natural Killer cells do not proliferate in response to antigen. F 4. In the 21 st century, infectious diseases are the leading cause of death world wide. F 5. MHC Class II molecules are found on all nucleated cell types. F 6. Positive and negative selection of T cells occurs in secondary lymph organs. T 7. The uptake of particulate material by a cell is termed phagocytosis. F 8. The innate immune system is a slow response while the adaptive immune system is a very fast response. F 9. The immunoproteasome is important for the extrinsic and intrinsic processing pathways. F 10. Antigen is presented to B cells mainly in primary lymphoid organs. T 11. The superoxide anion (O 2 -) can undergo a detoxification reaction by superoxide dismutase. F 12. B Cells are not subjected to central tolerance. T 13. The IgM antibody subclass is most abundant after first exposure to an antigen. T 14. The innate immune system is capable of recognizing carbohydrate and lipids on the surface of common pathogens. T 15. Peripheral tolerance is an important mechanism to prevent autoimmune disease. F 16. Natural killer cells are considered "professional phagocytes." T 17. Memory T cells and Memory B cells are more easily activated the virgin (naïve) T and B cells. F 18. In humans, the thymus is at its largest actual size in eldery individuals. T 19. The extrinsic pathway of programmed cell death relies on the death receptor called FAS. T 20. C3 is the most abundant complement component in the body. 1 /20

2 Draw the structure of a B cell Receptor with the proper orientation in a cell membrane. Label the following structures: (4 pts) Light Chain - LC Heavy Chain - HC Hinge region - H Constant region - C Variable region - V Igα Igβ Cell surface V LC C H C V LC Outside cell Igα Igβ HC HC Inside cell 25. Which portion of the receptor is involved in signaling after B cell receptor clustering? Igα/_Igβ Define the following terms: Please keep to one or two sentences (each 1 pt) 26. Surfactant - A wetting agent that lowers the surface tension. A surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. 27. Apoptosis - Programmed cell death, death by suicide that is INDUCED. This process involves a series of biochemical reaction involving caspases. 28. Opsonization - The process by which bacteria are altered by opsonins (complement of IgG) so as to become more readily and more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes. 29. Epitope - An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is just a part of an antigen that is recognized by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. 30. Toll-like receptors - Toll-like receptors are a class of membrane-spanning proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes such as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). /10 2

3 Fill-in For the following table, please fill in either T H 1 or T H 2. The functions below are related to when the T Cell subtype is activated. Properties Helper T cell subtype Releases the cytokine IFNγ 31. T H 1 Coordinates responses to extracellular pathogens 32. T H 2 Releases the cytokine IL4 33. T H 2 Macrophage activation 34. T H List the three (3) different complement pathways. For each, fill in what the complement components are recognizing. For example: general pathogen surface. (6 pts) Complement Pathway Complement Components Recognize: 35. CLASSICAL PATHWAY 36. ANTIGEN/ ANTIBODY COMPLEXES 37. MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN PATWAY 38. MANNOSE ON PATHOGEN SURFACE 39. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY 40. GENERAL PATHOGEN SURFACES For each column, simply answer YES or NO for each of the properties listed. (8 pts) Properties Immunoglobulin T Cell Receptor Secreted forms 41. YES 42. NO VDJ recombination 43. YES 44. YES Transmembrane forms 45. YES 46. YES 3 /16

4 Please list the five (4) major events that occur during phagocytosis. Phagocytic Events Events (I excepted any of the 5 following or something close) 47. CHEMOTAXIS 48. ADHERENCE 49. INGESTION 50. KILLING LASTLY, ELIMINATION List two effector functions of immunoglobulin. (1 point each) 51. opsonization, neutralization, activation of complement 52. sensitization of mast cells, sensitization for killing by NK cells How does normal microbial flora act as part of the innate immune system? (2pts) Approximately 100 trillion bacteria and other microorganisms reside in or on the human body. These normal body flora keep potentially harmful opportunistic pathogens in check and also inhibit the colonization of pathogens by: a. producing metabolic products (fatty acids, bacteriocins, etc.) that inhibit the growth of many pathogens; b. adhering to target host cells thus covering them and preventing pathogens from colonizing; c. depleting nutrients essential for the growth of pathogens; and d. nonspecifically stimulating the immune system List three (3) similarities and three (3) differences between the extrinsic and instrinsic antigen processing pathways. Other answers were also excepted. SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES endogenous uses MHC I Antigen needs to be processed exogenous uses MHC II endogenous proteosomal degradation Antigen needs to be displayed complexed exogenous lysosomal degradation to MHC molecule endogenous peptide binds to MCH in ER MHC and antigen are displayed on surface exogenous peptide is blocked from binding to MHC in ER by invariant chain 4 /14

5 Matching: Match the statement to the best word. Use the master list below. (1 point each) Please note that there may be more than one correct answer that matches to the definition. Please indicate all the correct answers for each statement. O,X 61. Antibody secreting cells are called: A 62. L 63. Major antibody found in secretions such as saliva, tears and breast milk. This molecule presents peptides that were processed through the proteasome and transported through TAP to the ER. _Q_T,O_ 64. This cell type is considered a professional antigen presenting cell. P,V_ 65. F 66. This cell type is able to kill tumor cells by direct membrane contact. This molecule on the antigen presenting cell is required for co-stimulation during a T cell response. O,P,U,V,Z,AA 67. This cell type is from a lymphoid lineage. _L, M_ 68. N,R,W, 69. D 70. R 71. S 72. This molecule participates in the adaptive immune response by forming a ternary complex. These cells possess cytoplasmic granules which stain with acidic dyes. Relatively high levels of this antibody isotype often correlates with the second exposure to an inducing agent. The major role of these cells is to combat parasitic worm infections. This cell type is found in the bone marrow and is considered pluripotent. Master List A. IgA N. Basophil B. IgD O. B lymphocyte C. IgE P. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte D. IgG Q. Dendritic cell E. IgM R. Eosinophil F. B7 S. Hematopoetic stem cell G. CD3 T. Macrophage H. CD4 U. Naïve T lymphocyte I. CD8 V. Natural Killer cell J. CD28 W. Neutrophil K. CTLA-4 X. Plasma cells L. MHC Class I Y. Red blood cells M. MHC Class II Z. T H 1 lymphocyte AA. T H 2 lymphocyte /12 5

6 Multiple choice Please circle the correct answer. (1 point each) 73. "Double positive" T lymphocytes are characterized by the following: A. high levels of FAS B. expression of low levels of Bcl-2 C. presence of CD4 and CD8 on the cell surface D. expression of low levels of the T cell receptor E. All of the above 74. The following activate(s) the alternative pathway of complement: A. lipopolysaccharides B. some viruses and virus-infected cells C. fungal and yeast cell walls (zymosin) D. many strains of gram-positive bacteria E. all of the above. 75. Which of the following is incorrect concerning MHC class II molecules? A. B cells may express different MHC class II molecules on their surface. B. MHC class II molecules are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of many cell types. C. Genetically different individuals express different MHC class II alleles. D. MHC class II molecules are associated with b2-microglobulin on the cell surface. E. All are correct 76. Which of the following IS NOT a Th2 cytokine? A. IL-2. B. IL-4 C. IL-10. D. IL-5. E. All are correct. 77. Which statement about antigen epitopes is FALSE? A An epitope may be shared by two different antigens. B A protein molecule usually contains multiple epitopes. C T cells bind only processed antigen epitopes. D Some epitopes are more immunogenic than others. E. T cells and B cells recognize antigen identically 78. The primary and secondary antibody responses differ in A. the predominant isotype generated. B. the number of lymphocytes responding to antigen. C. the speed at which antibodies appear in the serum. D. the biologic functions manifested by the Ig isotypes produced. E. All of the above. 6

7 79. Mature T cells are found in what region of the thymus? A. subcapsular region B. Cortex C. medulla D. All of the above E. None of the above 80. The development of self-tolerance in the T-cell compartment is important for the prevention of autoimmunity. Which of the following are examples of peripheral tolerance? A. ignorance B. negative selection C. thymocyte proliferation D. positive selection E. None of the above 81. Viral proteins that are formed inside of an infected cell associate with and are presented at the surface of the infected cell. A. Cytokines B. MHC class I molecules C. MHC class II molecules D. Antibody molecules E. None of the above 82. Which of the following is the first step in the specific immune response to antigen? A. Memory cell formation B. Secretion of antibody molecules C. Antigen presentation to T helper cell D. Secretion of cytokines by T helper cell E. All of the above 83. Which type of T cell produces cytokines that stimulate B cell differentiation and lead to antibody production? A. Cytotoxic T cells. B. T H 1 cells. C. T H 2 cells. D. NK T cells. E. Naïve T cells. 84. Which of the following DOES NOT apply to "innate" immune mechanisms? A. absence of specificity. B. activation by a stimulus. C. involvement of multiple cell types. D. a memory component. E. None of the above. 7

8 85. Which of the following heavy chain class switches WOULD NOT be possible? A. IgM!gG1. B. IgE!gG1. C. IgG1!gE. D. IgM!gA1. E. None of the above. 86. The following are components of the membrane attack complex (MAC) except: A. C2 B. C9 C. C5b D. C7 E. C6 87. Which of the following components of complement possess the binding site for the Fc portion of antibodies? A. C1s B. C9 C. C1q D. C3 E. None of the above 88. Which of the following statements concerning T-cell development is correct? A. Progenitor T cells that enter the thymus from the bone marrow have already rearranged their T cell receptor genes. B. Interaction with thymic non-lymphoid cells is critical. C. Maturation in the thymus requires the presence of foreign antigen. D. MHC class II molecules are not involved in positive selection E. None of the above. 89. The specific portion of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T Cell receptor is termed: A. the agretope. B. the MHC. C. the epitope D. the peptide. E. All of the above. 90. The thymus is considered to be: A. a specialized lymph node. B. a primary lymphoid organ. C. a secondary lymphoid organ. D. a reticuloendothelial organ. E. None of the above. 8

9 ESSAY QUESTIONS (10 points). Pick just 1 of the 2 essay questions to answer. Use the lined paper, and please write legibly. If I cannot read your writing you will receive no points for your answer. Indicate at the beginning of your answer which question you have chosen by labeling it with the letter. Remember avoid bullet points. Organize your thoughts and then wirite in complete sentences. A. As a member of a research team studying a tribe found in a remote region of New Guinea, you make the astonishing discovery that they have only two V genes for the L chain and only three V genes for the H chain of immunoglobulins. Nevertheless, the tribe members seem healthy and able to resist the diversity of pathogenic organisms endemic to their specific area. Suggest how this might be accomplished, for example how else might diversity be generated? B. Briefly describe the concept behind central tolerance of T lymphocytes. Include in your answer positive and negative selection and specific locations where this process occurs. C. Compare and contrast the INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE and the ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. Discuss 3 points of similarity and 3 points of difference. Please use specific terms to explain your answer. Use of a diagram may help you frame your discussion. Please do not just list items. 9

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