Comparative Physiology. Bio 2 Unit 3a

Transcription

1 Comparative Physiology Bio 2 Unit 3a

2 Life Cell (Plasma) Membrane Homeostasis

3 Thermoregulation Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporative Cooling Ectotherm Endotherm

4 Respiration O 2 Cellular Level Diffusion Multicellular? CO 2

5 Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces Large surface area Thin Moist

6 Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Less than % 1 About % 21 oxygen oxygen Oxygen amounts Developed decrease as the invaginations to temperature increase surface increases area and decrease Aquatic animals evaporation use large amounts Terrestrial animals of energy to obtain may use only 1% - oxygen ( %) 20 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen

7 Respiration - Insect

8 Respiration - Fish

9 Respiration - Mammal

10 Ventilating The Lungs Positive Pressure Breathing pushes air down trachea seen in frogs and other amphibians Negative Pressure Breathing suction created by diaphragm seen in mammals

11 Negative Pressure Breathing Jimmy 1979

12 Circulation O 2 Cellular Level Diffusion Multicellular? CO 2

13 Respiration Open vs. Closed

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15 All reptiles (except birds) have two arteries leading to systemic system Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart

16 Cardiac Cycle Diastole Atrial Systole Contract Neither Atria Ventricle Valves AV open Semilunar closed AV open Semilunar closed Ventricular Systole AV closed Semilunar open Time 0.4 sec 0.1 sec 0.3 sec Function Fill Heart Overfill Ventricle Pump Blood

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18 Cardiac Output - Volume of blood per minute from the left ventricle Depends on two factors Heart rate (pulse) (amount Stroke Volume pumped) Average Human 75 ml/beat 72 beats/min 5.25 L/min (your blood volume)

19 Cardiac Control Annelids and Mollusks Myogenic (pacemakers within muscle) Arthropods Neurogenic (pacemakers within neurons) Vertebrates myogenic and neurogenic

20 Control of Heart Rhythm Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) Atrioventricular node

21 Blood Vessels Vessels endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue Arteries thick walled Veins thinner walled valves Capillaries single layer

22 Interchange of Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure highest near arterioles due to blood pressure Osmotic Pressure Stays the same due to solutes in blood

23 Lymphatic System Used to return lost fluid and proteins to blood Lymph fluid that enters the lymph vessels Lymphatic Tissue (Tonsils, Appendix, Lymph Nodes) - connective tissue with WBC s to attack disease

24 lymph node aggregates of white blood cells thymus spleen tissue cells blood capillary bone marrow lymphatic vessels Lymph Fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels movement of interstitial fluid from tissue into lymphatic vessels

25 Wuchereria

26 Mammalian Blood Composition Plasma (55%) Water Ions Plasma Proteins Nutrients Waste Gases Hormones Cellular Elements (45%) Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes CBC = Complete Blood Count

27 Cardiovascular Disease Heart Attack Stroke Arteriosclerosis (general) Atherosclerosis Hypertension ( ) 120/80 LDL s HDL s Normal Systolic / Diastolic

28 Breathing Contro Occurs in Medulla oblongota and Pons Monitors Carbon Dioxide (converts to carbonic acid) lowers ph and causes increase in depth and rate of breathing

29 Loading and Unloading

30 Oxygen Transport Hemocyanin - used by arthropods and mollusks Hemoglobin - used by verts

31 CO 2 Transport

32 Carbon Dioxide Transport Carbon dioxide transported from tissue by erythrocyte 7% transported as Carbon Dioxide in blood 23% of Carbon Dioxide and most of the Hydrogen ions are attached to hemoglobin 70% transported as Bicarbonate in plasma

33 Deep-diving Mammals Stores large amounts of oxygen in blood and muscles (twice as much as us) twice the volume of blood Huge myoglobin Spleen

34 The Body Defenses

35 Body Defense Overview Innate Immunity Barrier Defenses Internal Defenses Acquired Immunity Humoral Response Cell-mediated Response

36 Innate Immunity in Invertebrates Chitin (physical barrier) in intestine Lysozymes and low ph (digests microbial cell walls) Hemocytes in hemolymph Phagocytosis Antimicrobial peptides (Nonspecific)

37 Innate Immunity in Vertebrates Barrier Defenses (Nonspecific) Skin Physical Barrier & Lysozymes Digestive Tract High acidity & normal bacteria Respiratory Tract Mucus & Cilia Genitourinary Tract Acidity of Urine

38 Innate Immunity in Vertebrates Phagocytic White Blood Cells The Inflammatory Response Antimicrobial Proteins Natural Killer Cells Internal Defenses (Nonspecific)

39 Phagocytic White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Neutrophils (70%) short lived Monocytes (5%) macrophages long lived in lymphatic tissue Eosinophils (1.5%) attack larger parasites

40 The Inflammatory Response Histamine Releases (basophils and mast cells) Allows for dilation and increased permeability Increased temp due to increased blood flow Cytokines (protein) direct migration of Phagocytes (activate lymphocytes)

41 Antimicrobial Proteins Compliment System 30 proteins lyses viruses and pathogens may attract phagocytes and cause adherence Two pathways Alternative triggered by substances on invaders and does not use antibodies Classical triggered by antigens and uses antibodies

42 Interferon Antimicrobial Proteins proteins secreted by viral infected cells diffuse to surrounding cells surrounding cells make chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction

43 Natural Killer Cells Recognize damaged or diseased cells Class 1 MHC molecule on surface of most cells Missing or damaged when diseased Release chemical to destroy cells lacking this protein We will call you if something is wrong...

44 Acquired Immunity Vertebrates Uses Lymphocytes to recognize antigens Two major types B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

45 The Development of Lymphocytes B cells made and mature in bone marrow Make antibodies T cells made in bone marrow and matures in thymus

46 Epitopes or Antigenic determinants (special areas on antigens Usually has several Chemical on the invader

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48 Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes B Cells Y shaped receptors made up of 4 polypeptide chains (two heavy / two light) Recognize intact antigens

49 Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes T Cells 2 polypeptide chains (an alpha chain and a beta chain) Recognize small fragments of antigens

50 Major Histocompatibility Complex Class 1 MHC molecules Work with Cytotoxic T cells Made in viral infected or cancerous cells Class 2 MHC molecules Work with both Cytotoxic T Cells Helper T cells Derived from foreign materials that have been internalized

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52 Immune Response Primary Immune Response Takes days from initial exposure to an antigen Produces B and T cells Secondary Immune Response takes 2-7 days from re-exposure to antigen

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54 Immune Responses Humoral Immunity B cells Involves produces antibodies that circulate in the blood, plasma and lymph cells do not have to be next to antigen to attack Cell-mediated Immunity T cells Involves cells must be next to antigens to attack

55 Response to Nearly All Antigens Helper T cells attach to macrophage that has attacked an antigen often uses CD4 receptors (binds to class 2 MHC) Interleukin Releases (Cytokine) activates Cytotoxic T cells and Plasma B cells

56 Cell-mediated Response Cytotoxic T cells attach to infected cells / Cancer Cells Usually uses a CD8 receptor (binds to class 1 MHC) perforin (protein) makes a pore in membrane ions and water enters pores infected cell lyses

57 B Cells: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens Response to extracellular pathogens Plasma B cells produce antibodies Memory B cells live a long time and can help produce other B cells quickly when re-infected by the same antigen

58 Antibodies A group of globular serum proteins called immunoglobulins Only need to know these!

59 Immunity in Health and Disease Active Immunity Getting the disease Immunizations (Vaccinations) Passive Immunity Antibodies transferred from one individual to another pregnancy and breast feeding injection of antibodies

60 Abnormal Immune Function Allergies hypersensitive responses to antigens anaphylactic shock Autoimmune Diseases immune system attacks own body Lupus, MS, ALS, Rheumatoid Arthritis Immunodeficiency Diseases lowered immune system SCIDS, AIDS

61 Stages of HIV Infections