AP Biology. Why an immune system? Chapter 43. Immune System. Lines of defense. 1st: External defense. 2nd: Internal, broad range patrol

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1 Chapter 43. Immune System lymphocytes attacking cancer cell lymph phagocytic leukocyte Why an immune system? Attack from outside lots of organisms want you for lunch! animals must defend themselves against unwelcome invaders viruses bacteria protists fungi we are a tasty vitamin-packed meal cells are packages of macromolecules no cell wall traded mobility for susceptibility Attack from inside defend against abnormal body cells = cancers system Lines of defense 1st line: Barriers broad, innate, external defense barbed wire skin & mucus membranes 2nd line: Non-specific patrol broad, innate, internal defense untrained soldiers leukocytes (WBCs) 3rd line: Immune system specific, acquired immunity elite trained units lymphocytes & antibodies 1st: External defense non-specific defense external barrier epithelial cells & mucus membranes skin respiratory system digestive system genito-urinary tract Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells 1st: Chemical barriers on epithelium Skin & mucous membrane secretions sweat ph 3-5 tears washing action mucus traps microbes saliva anti-baterial = lick your wounds stomach acid ph 2 anti-microbial proteins lysozyme digests bacterial cell walls 2nd: Internal, broad range patrol innate defense rapid response cells & proteins attack invaders that penetrate body s outer barriers leukocytes phagocytic white blood cells anti-microbial proteins inflammatory response naural killer cells leukocytes 1

2 Leukocytes: Phagocytic WBCs Neutrophils attracted by chemical signals released by damaged cells enter infected tissue, engulf & ingest microbes amoeba-like (fierce!) lysosomes ~3 day life span Macrophages big eater bigger, long-lived phagocytes Phagocytes macrophage yeast Lymph system Production & transport of leukocytes Traps foreign invaders Development of Red & White blood cells lymph vessels (intertwined amongst blood vessels) Red blood cells inflammatory response fight parasites lymph node develop into macrophages short-lived phagocytes 60-70% WBC Inflammatory response Reaction to tissue damage Bacteria Chemical alarm signals Pin or splinter Blood vessel Phagocytes Blood clot swelling Inflammatory response Damage to tissue triggers local inflammatory response histamines & prostaglandins released capillaries dilate, more permeable lead to clot formation increased blood supply swelling, redness & heat of inflammation & infection delivers WBC, RBC, platelets, clotting factors 2

3 Fever When a local response is not enough systemic response to infection activated macrophages release interleukin-1 triggers hypothalamus in brain to readjust body thermostat to raise body temperature higher temperature helps defense inhibits bacterial growth stimulates phagocytosis speeds up repair of tissues causes liver & spleen to store iron reducing blood iron levels bacteria need large amounts of iron to grow 3rd: Acquired Immunity Specific defense lymphocytes B lymphocytes () T lymphocytes (s) antibodies immunoglobulins Responds to specific microorganisms specific toxins abnormal body cells antigens Antigens Proteins that serve as cellular name tags foreign antigens cause response from WBCs proteins belonging: viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms, fungi, toxins non-pathogens: pollen & transplanted tissue & s respond to different antigens recognize intact antigens invaders in blood & lymph s recognize antigen fragments invaders which have infected cells AP self Biology foreign Lymphocytes mature in bone marrow humoral response system humors = body fluids produce antibodies s mature in thymus cellular response system Learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens during maturation Humoral response = in fluid defense against attackers circulating freely in blood & lymph Specific response recognizes specific antigen produces antibodies against it tagging protein = immunogloblin millions of different, each produces different antibodies, each recognizes a different antigen types of plasma cells immediate production of antibodies short term release memory cells long term immunity Antibodies Proteins that bind to a specific antigen multi-chain proteins produced by antibodies match molecular shape of antigens immune system has antibodies to respond to millions of antigens (invaders) tagging system this is foreign! variable binding region each B cell has ~100,000 antigen receptors 3

4 How antibodies work B cell immune response tested by invader (foreign antigen) captured invaders memory cells reserves plasma cells release antibodies 10 to 17 days for full response + antibodies recognition clone 1000s of clone cells 1 vs 2 response to disease Memory allow a rapid, amplified response with future exposure to pathogen How can we have so many antibody proteins & so few genes? Light chain Variable DNA combinations: 1M different 10M different s Antibody Heavy chain DNA of differentiated B cell C mrna Constant region Translation of mrna C Transcription of gene J Variable region D B cell Rearrangement of DNA V 40 genes for Variable region Chromosome of undifferentiated B cell Vaccinations Active immunity immune system exposed to harmless version of pathogen Stimulates immune system to produce antibodies to invader rapid response if future exposure Most successful against viral diseases Jonas Salk Developed first vaccine against polio April 12,

5 Polio epidemics Passive immunity Maternal immunity antibodies pass from mother to baby across placenta or in breast milk critical role of breastfeeding in infant health mother is creating antibodies against pathogens baby is being exposed to Injection injection of antibodies short-term immunity s Immune response to infected cells defense against invaders inside infected cells viruses & bacteria within infected cells, fungi, protozoa & parasitic worms defense against non-self cells cancer & transplant cells Kinds of s s stimulate immune system killer s attack infected body cells How are cells tagged with antigens Glycoproteins on surface of cells have unique fingerprint major histocompatibility proteins (MHC) human leukocyte antigens (HLA) MHC proteins constantly export bits of cellular protein to cell surface snapshot of what is going on inside cell MHC proteins displaying self-antigens How do s know a cell is infected Infected cells digest some pathogens & export pieces to MHC proteins on cell surface invading pathogen antigen presenting cells (APC) MHC proteins displaying foreign antigens antigen or response infected cell interleukin 1 activated macrophage stimulate & antibodies receptors interleukin 2 interleukin 2 killer activate killer s 5

6 Attack of the Killer s Destroys infected body cells binds to target cell secretes perforin protein punctures cell membrane of infected cell Killer binds to infected cell Infected cell destroyed Perforin punctures cell membrane Killer Target cell Vesicle Cell membrane Cell membrane Immune response pathogen invasion antigen exposure free antigens in blood antigens on infected cells humoral response plasma antibodies memory macrophages s cellular response memory s s cytotoxic s HIV & AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus infects s s don t activate rest of immune system: s & also destroy s Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome infections by opportunistic diseases death usually from other infections pneumonia or cancer Immune system malfunctions Auto-immune diseases immune system attacks own molecules & cells lupus antibodies against many molecules released by normal breakdown of cells rheumatoid arthritis antibodies causing damage to cartilage & bone diabetes beta-islet cells of pancreas attacked & destroyed multiple sclerosis s attack myelin sheath of brain & spinal cord nerves Allergies over-reaction to environmental antigens allergens = proteins on pollen, from dust mites, in animal saliva Key attributes of immune system 4 attributes that characterize the immune system as a whole specificity antigen-antibody specificity diversity react to millions of antigens memory rapid 2 response ability to distinguish self vs. non-self maturation & training process to reduce auto-immune disease Any Questions?? 6

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