Some new Reports of Ascomycetes from Allahabad*

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1 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter Some new Reports of Ascomycetes from Allahabad* By Brij Rani M e h r o t r a (Botany Department, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India) During the course of isolations of soil fungi from soil samples collected from various localities of Allahabad, rhizosphere soils and from, the excreta of various animals, the author came across ten genera of Ascomycetes, viz., Arachniotus, Carpenteles, Talaromyces, Eurotium, Sortorya, Emericella, Chaetomium, Pseudoplea, Sordaria, and Neocosmospora comprising of 11 species. Out of which Leptosphaerulina trifolii (E. Rostr.) Petr. was recorded for the first time from India and a new variety of Chaetomium nigricolor Ames var. simplex was also isolated. Arachniotus t er r e s tri s Raillo (Figs. 1 3, Plate I ). Colonies on C z a p e k's medium, and potato-dextrose agar yellowish; reserve dull yellow; mycelium delicate effuse and white. Cleistothecia globose, u. in diameter, peridium formed of white, delicate interlacing hyphae; asci globose to oval, u, in diameter, eightspored; ascospores hyaline, oval, X uthe present species was isolated from soil, ph 8.2, of Allahabad University agricultural farm. From India it has been reported by T h i r u m a l a c h a r (1950) from the rhizomes of Psilotum flaccidum, Bangalore, (Mysore). It is being reported here for the first time from soil. Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 32. Carpenteles javanicum (van Beyma) Shear. Colonies on C z a p e k's solution agar, malt-extract agar, and on potato-dextrose agar white when young, later becoming grayish white with abundant perithecial structures, floccose, raised up in the centre on P. D. A.; reverse white at first, later becoming yellow from the margin of the colony. Penicilli monoverticillate, with convergent parallel chains of conidia, unbranched, green in colour; conidiophores upto 100 jx in length, ^ in diameter. Sterigmata long and thin, usually 3 4 but upto 6 in number, X u in diameter. Perithecia globose to oval in shape, pseudoparenchymatous without ostiole and without appendages, [t, average 339 u. in dia*) Part of author's D. Phil. Thesis, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. 6 Sydowia, Vol. XXIII, gj;

2 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter meter; asci globose to oval, eightspored, u. in diameter, oval mostly 10 [i in length, average 6.6 (j,; ascospores oval in shape wall finely roughened, X ^. The present organism resembles with the description given by Raper and Thorn (1949) for C. javanicum van Beyma. The isolate was found from soil, ph 8, of Allahabad University agricultural farm. From India it has been reported by Dwivedi (1962) from soil; Roy and Gupta (1962) from soil of grass plots, Varanasi. It is being reported for the first time from soil, Allahabad. Fig. I. 1 3 Arachniotus terrestris Raillo. 1. A portion of a cleistothecium with asci. 2. Asci. 3. Ascospores. 4 8 Carpentales javanicum (van Beyma) Shear. 4, 5. Penicilli. 6. Conidia. 7. Asci. 8. Ascospores Talaromyces wortmanttii (Klöcker) Benjamin. 9. Penicillus. 10. Conidia. 11. Asci. 12. Ascospores 82

3 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 33. Talar omy c e s wortmannii (Klöcker) Benjamin (Figs. 9 12, Platte I). Colonies on Czapek's solution agar growing restrictedly, about 1.5 to 2.5 cm. in 10 days at 25 C, consisting of a tough mycelial felt, floccose, more or less zonate, and with central area showing zones of yellow mycelium and bluegreen conidial heads, colony yellow green in shades near tea green to pea green (Ridgway, PI. XLVII); exsudate lacking; odor suggestive of mushrooms; reverse in deep orange to tawny shades (R., PL XV); penicilli typicalli biverticillate and symmetrical, borne on conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum, upto 200 ^ X fj. smooth walled; metulae in compact verticils of 5 7, in size, X y,; sterigmata in very compact clusters, parallel, usually 5 8 in each verticil and measuring X (i, with the terminal portion characteristically tapered; conidia elliptical, X ^. Perithecia on malt-extract agar and C z a p e k's agar produced in limited numbers, p, in diameter without definite walls and in crowded areas tending to merge and loose their identity, surrounded by loose mentles of heavily encrusted and strongly pigmented hyphae; asci abundantly produced throughout a loose hyphal network borne in short chains, subglobose to oval, j.i in diameter, eight spored; ascospores oval, very finely spinulate over their entire surface, mostly X u, colourless. Colonies on malt extract agar growing restrictedly but somewhat more rapidly than on Czapek, about cm. in two weeks, typically consisting of a heavy development of perithecia with an admixture of conidial structures, yellow green the development of abundant conidial heads among the perithecia; conidial structures as on Czapek's medium. Perithecia varying greatly in size, commonly JX in diameter without definite walls, other details as on C z a p e k's medium. The description of this isolate closely resembles with the type description in Manual of Penicillia by R a p e r and T h o r n (1949). The fungus was isolated from soil, ph 8, of Allahabad University agricultural farm. From India it was reported by B a s u (1951) from the rooting jute, Calcutta (West Bengal). Later on, B a s u and B h a t t a ch a r y a (1961) again reported it from Calcutta. It is being reported for the first time from Allahabad. The culture has been deposited, in the Culture Collection, Botany Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 34. E ur o t ium am s t e I o da mi Mangin (Figs. 1 7, Plate II). Colonies upon C z a p e k ' s solution agar (3% Sucrose) restricted, 3 to 5 cm. in diameter in two weeks at 25 C, yellow gray in colour; reverse dark brown in colour. 6* 83

4 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter Conidial heads dirty green, scattered all over the colony, radiate to columnar, splitting into columns an old age mostly ^ in diameter. Conidiophores smooth, X 6 8 \i broadening to ji in diameter below the vesicle; vesicle subglobose, \i in Fig. II. 1 7 Eurotium amstelodami Mangin. 1. A conidial head with three conidia. 2. Young cleistothecium. 3. Ascus Pour ascospores in various view Sartorya fumigata Vuillemin. 8. A conidial head, with four conidia at the tip. 9. Young cleistothecium. 10. Ascus Three ascospores in three different views Emerciella nidulans (Eidam) Vuill. 14. A conidial head. 15. Four conidia. 16. Asci Ascospores, 21, 22. Hülle cells Emericella rugulosa (Thorn and Raper) Benjamin. 23. A conidial head. 24. Conidia. 25. Asci Ascospores. 29. Hülle cells 84

5 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter diameter; sterigmata in one series, X fx, averaging 6 X 3.2 [x; conidia green in mass, subglobose, echinulate, LI in diameter. Perithecia globose, y. suspended in a net work of hyphae which are yellow in colour; asci subglobose; ascospores jx in diam., yellowish, lenticular with deep equatorial furrow and ridges, X u.. Colonies on 20% sucrose growing luxuriantly and attaining a diameter of 7 to 10 cm. in 10 to 12 days; perithecia develop on the agar surface in abundance, yellow in colour imparting the colour of the colony. The present organism was isolated from the soil, ph 8.2, of Allahabad University agricultural farm, ph 7.2, of the Botanical garden, and the rhizosphere soil of Daucus carota. From India it was reported by M o h a n t y (1948) as a common laboratory contaminant, Mycological Laboratory, I. A. R. I., New Delhi. Later on, A g n i h o t h r u d u (1957, 1958) reported it from soil and rhizosphere of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajari) at Madras and M e h r o t r a and A g n i h o t r i (1961) from soil, Allahabad. Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 35. S art or y a f umi g at a Vuillemin. Colonies growing well upon C z a p e k's solution agar with conidial heads sparingly produced at 25 C, but more abundantly at 37 C. Conidial heads frequently small and generally of a lighter green colour than those of typical A. fumigatus; sterigmata smaller, X n; conidia also smaller than those of typical A. fumigatus, (j, in diam. Perithecia quickly and abundantly produced, (x in diam., commonly upto 300 p, in diameter, uncoloured, with walls scarcely coloured consisting of a single layer of cells, crushing easily, covered by a loose network of uncoloured sterile hyphae; asci abundant, 8-spored, globose to sub-globose, mostly sub-globose, 8 15 X 8 11 ^, breaking down quickly to leave the peritheeium full of the ripe ascospores; ascospores biconvex, uncoloured usually about 5.5 X 4.4 u, or 5.5 X 3.3 u, with two frilled equatorial bands about 1 y,, roughened with echinulations on each convex surface. The fungus closely agrees with the description given by T h o r n and E a p e r (1945), and was isolated from soil, ph 8.2, of Allahabad University agricultural farm. It is regarded as world-wide in distribution but seemingly not abundant anywhere. From India it was reported by A g n i h o t h r u d u (1957, 1958) from soil, and rhizosphere of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Madras. It is being reported for the first time from Allahabad. 85

6 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 36. Emericella ni dul an s (Eidam) Vuill. Colonies on Czapek's solution agar growing well at room temperature attaining a diameter of 3 to 4 cm. in 10 to 12 days at 25 C, velvety, dark cress green with age. Heads short, globose, ranging from X (x. Conidiophores commonly sinuous, smooth-walled, with bluish tinge, X p., average 70 X 4 n- No pitting in the wall; vesicle hemispherical, p, in diameter, fertile over the upper half; sterigmata in two series, primary X 2.8 \i, secondary 5 7 X 2.5 JJ.; conidia globose, rugulose, green in mass, (x in diameter. Fig. III. 1 4 Chaetomium nigricolor Ames var. simplex B. R. Mehrotra var. nov. 1. Perithecium. Note the presence of unbranched appendages. 2. A portion of hair much magnified. 3. Two asci. 4. Ascospores Lcptosphaerulina trifolii (E. Rostr.) Petr. 5. A perithecium. 6, 7. Asci. 8. Ascospores 86

7 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter Perithecia abundant, dark-pink, ranging from ^ in diameter, perithecial wall many layered when young but at maturity single layered in thickness. Hülle cells globose, thick-walled usually u, in diameter; asci globose, 7 10 ^ in diameter, 8 ascospores in each ascus; ascospores purple red, lenticular, smooth-walled with two equa- Fig. IV. 1 6 Sordaria fimicola (Rob.) Ces. and De Not. 1. Two asci under low magnification. 2. An ascus slightly enlarged. 3. Upper portion of an enlarged ascus. Note the perforation at the apex. 4. Two ascospores each surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Note the presence of a small circular germ pore at the base of each ascospore. 5, 6. Two ascospores without the gelatinous sheath (after the dissolution of gelatinous sheath) Neocosmospora vasinfecta Smith. 7. Perithecium. 8. Ascus. 9. Ascosporus. 10. Conidia

8 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter torial crests, ranging \i in length by u, in breadth. Equatorial ridges two in number, ji in diameter. The fungus closely agrees with the description, given by Thorn and Rap er (1945). The present organism was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Daucus carota, Raphanus sativus and soil of Allahabad University agricultural farm, ph 8.2. From India it has earlier been reported by Thakur and N orris (1928), Chaudhuri and S a char (1934), Galloway (1936), Chaudhuri and Umar (1938), Mohanty (1948), Saksena and Mehrotra (1952), Prakash and Saksena (1952), Saksena and Shetye (1956), Agnihothrudu (1957), Agnihotri (1961) and others. The culture hes been deposited in the Culture Collection, Botany Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 37. E m e ri c ella rugulosa (Thom and Raper) Benjamin. Colonies upon C z a p e k's solution agar growing restrictedly and attaing a diameter of cm. in 8 to 10 days at 25 C. Conidial heads green, short, columnar, X jx. Conidiophores sinuous, smooth-walled with brownish tinge i long ^ in width, gradually enlarging toward the vesicle, 8 10 y. in diameter; sterigmata in two series, primary sterigmata 7 8 X \x, secondary 6 7 X i; conidia green in mass, rugulose, 3 4 ^ in diameter. Perithecia in abundance, brown in colour, becoming purple-gray to purple-brown with age, globose, [j, in diameter, full of asci; asci p, in long axis; ascospores purple-red, wall rugulose, lenticular, X JJ, and with two pleated equatorial crests. The present species was isolated from soil, ph 8, of Allahabad University agricultural farm, and from the rhizosphere soil of Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Raphanus savitus. In India this species was reported for the first time by Galloway (1936). He reported that A. nidulans has both rough and smooth walled ascospores. His culture having rough walled ascospores was probably A. rugulosus which was not recognised then as a separate species. Thom and Raper (1945) have treated it as a separate species distinct from A. nidulans (Eidam) Wint. Mohanty (1948) reported it as an air contaminant; Agnihothrudu (1958, 1961) from rhizosphere of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in Madras and tea in Cinnamara (Assam) and Agnihotri (1961) from soils in Allahabad. Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 38. Chaetomium nigricolor Ames var. simplex B. R. Mehrotra var. nov. Perithecia globosa vel subglobosa, X \i; setae laterales rectae vel undulatae, regulariter septatae, ^, inferne 3 5 jx crasae, atro-brunneae, superne pallidiores; setae terminales 88

9 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter numerosae, nigrescentes, prominentiis minutissimis, subinde etiam majoribus, nigrescentibus irregulariter obtectae, undulatae vel spiraliter curvulae nee ramulosae; asci clavati, 8-spori, X n; sporae brunneae, late obovoideae, inferne distincte apiculatae, X [x. Perithecia globose to subglobose, X y,; lateral hairs straight or undulate, regularly septate, p. in diameter, and 3 5 u in diameter at the base, rounded, blackish brown with faded tips; terminal hairs numerous, black, irregularly and thickly covered with little black projections, with larger crystals or projections appearing at random, undulating or with occasional spirally unbranched coils; asci clavate, eight spored X u.; ascospores brown, broadly obovate, slightly apiculate at one end, X athe present organism was isolated from soil, ph 8, of Allahabad University agricultural farm, and the culture has been deposited in the Culture Collection, Botany Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 39. This isolate resembles largely with Chaetomium nigricolor Ames, a species isolated in India and reported by Ames in However, the appendages in Chaetomium nigricolor have been described to be frequently branched while in this isolate they have been seen to be unbranched. During the course of three years this culture has been kept under frequent examination. Dr. G r o v e r who had kindly examined this isolate in 1961, has been of the opinion that it resembles Chaetomium nigricolor Ames. In view of the fact the appandages have remained unbranched during those three years on the different media it seems appropriate to give this isolate a new varietal name to distinguish it from the species which has frequently branched appendages. L e p t o s p h a e r u l i n a trifolii (E. Restr.) Petr. Hyphae 7 13 u. thick and has irregular angles, olive brown in colour. Perithecia black, long, papillate, X \i; asci 2 5, broad, ellipsoidal, sometimes globular, thick walled, X u, containing 8 rarely 6 ascospores in each ascus, ascospores more or less long, spindle shaped, some ellipsoidal, dark honey-yellow in colour, thick-walled, with 3 5 transverse septa and one longitudinal septum in between the 1st and the 3rd transverse septa, i. e., in the second transverse cell of the ascospore, X [x. The present species was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allahabad. This is being reported for the first time from India. Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 40. Sordaria fimicola (Rob.) Ces. & De Not. Perithecia bare, strongly narrowed upward into the conical neck, 89

10 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter X u., average 660 X 259 u.; asci 8-spored, cylindrical, perforate at the apex, spore part (stalk 56.6 JJ. X H (x; no paraphyses; ascospores obliquely uniseriate, X (x, elliptical, with a small circular germpore at the base, surrounded by a distinct gelatinous sheath. The present organism was isolated from horse dung. From India this species was reported for the first time by Agnihothrudu (1961) from rhizsphere of tea (Camellia sinensis) Cinnamara, Assam. It is being reported for the first time from Allahabad. Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. SA 41. Neocosmospora vasinfecta Smith (Figs. 7 10). Colonies on P. D. A. and Czapek's solution agar flocculent, white. Perithecia at first ocraceous-buff, antimony yellow to red, flask shaped, X x but generally less than 300 ^ in breadth. Wall pseudoparenchymatous. Neck upto 80 ^ in length and 30 \L in breadth; asci nearly cylindrical, eight-spored X u., spore part dissolve as to liberate the spores within the perithecium when over ripe. Eight ascospores in each ascus, arranged in, one row globose to oval, viewed in surface focus the wall appears pitted, surface wrinkled; ascospores mostly globose but oval ones also not rare 7 10 ^, at first hyaline, becoming brown, mostly 10 JJ, in diameter. Conidia (Cephalosporium stage) oval to elliptical, X 2 4 u.. The present organism was isolated from soil, ph 8, of Allahabad University agricultural farm. From India, it has been reported by Butler (1910, 1911 and 1918) from roots of several plants: Cajanus indica, Pusa (Bihar), Coimbatore (Madras); Crotolaria juncea, Pusa (Bihar) and Samalkota (Madras); Cyamopsis psoroloides, Pusa (Bihar) ; Dolichos biflorus, Pusa (Bihar); D. lablab, Pusa (Bihar); Gossypium sp. Nagpur (M. P.); Indigofera arrecta, and /. swnatrana, Pusa (Bihar); Saccharum officinarum, Pusa (Bihar); Saks en a and Mehrotra (1952) from soil, Allahabad; Agnihothrudu (1958, 1961), from rhizospheres of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Madras and tea (Camellia sinensis), Assam. Department, University of Allahabad, as Culture No. AS 42. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Dr. B. S. Mehrotra for guidance and help in the preparation of this paper, to Dr. R. N. Tan don for providing the laboratory facilities, and also to Dr. F. P e t r a k for the Latin diagnosis of the new variety. 90

11 Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter References A g n i h o t r i, V. P Aspergilli causing1 Otomycosis. Naturwiss. 48: 702. A g n i h o t h r u d u, V Aspergilli from soil of South India. Naturwiss. Uk Fungi isolated from rhizosphere IV, Jour. Indian bot. Soc, 37: Rhizosphere microflora of tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) in relation to the root rot caused by Ustulina zonata (Lev.) Sacc, Soil. Sei., 91: A m e s, L. M New species of cellulose decomposing fungi. II. Mycologia, U B a s u, S. N Studies on Pendcillium wortmannii Klöcker and Penicillium vermiculatum Dangeard with special reference to strain variation. Bull. Bot. Soc, 5: and J. P. B h a t ta c h a r y a Studies on the growth and sporulation of some species of Penicillium. Jour. Gen. Microbio., 27: * B u 11 e r, E. J The wilt disease of pigeon pea and parasitism of Neocosmospora vasinfecta Smith. Mem. Dep., Agric. Ind., Bot. Scr., 2: 64. * Fungi Indiae orientalis. Pars. III. Ann. Mycol. 9: * Fungi and diseases in plants. Thacker Spink and Co., Calcutta, VI, 547. C h a u d h u r i, H., and G. S. S a c h a r A study of the fungus flora of the Punjab soils. Ann. Myol., 32: and M. U m a r Molds of the Punjab. "The Aspergilli". Proc. Indian Acad. Sei., 8 B: D w i v e d i, R. S Some new records of Ascomycetes from India. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sei., India, 32: G a l l o w a y, L. D Indian soil fungi. Indian Jour. Agri. Res. 6: M e h r o t r a, B. S. and V. P. A g n i h o t r i Taxonomic studies of Aspergilli at Allahabad, Proc. 48th Indian Sei., Congr. Part III, 243. M o h a n t y, U. N Studies on Indian Aspergilli. Ind. Phytopath. I: P r a k a s h, R., and R. K. S a k s e n a Decomposition of Paddy and Bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) straws by fungi commonly found in Allahabad soils. Proc. Indian Acad. Sei. Sec. 36 B, Roy, R. Y., and S. K. G u p t a A comparison of soil fungal flora of three different grasslands. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sei., India, 32: S a k s en a, R. K., and B. S. M e h r o t r a Fungus flora of an Allahabad soil. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sei. (India). 22: and P. K. S h a t y e On some Aspergilli new to India. Indian Phytopathology, 9: T h i r u m a l a c h a r, M. J Arachniotus species within the Rhizomes of Psilotum flaccidum. Proc. Indian Sei. Congr. Sec. Ill, R a p er, B. K., and C. Thorn A manual of Penicillia. The William and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD. U.S.A. P , T h a k u r, A. K., and R. V. N o r r i s A biochemical study of some soil fungi with special reference to ammonia production. J. Indian. Inst. Sei. 11 A: Thorn, C, and K. B. R a p e r A manual of the Aspergilli, The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD. U.S.A. P. 166, 253, , 514. ; * Originals not seen. ' " > 91