Mycological investigation on the Fungal Genus Gyrothrix Corda in the forest flora of Madhya Pradesh India

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1 World Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1(3), pp , October, ISSN: WRJAS Research Article Mycological investigation on the Fungal Genus Gyrothrix Corda in the forest flora of Madhya Pradesh India Ravindra Singh Thakur 1*, A.N. Rai 2 and Rajesh K Pahariya 3 1*,2,3 Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.) India Leaf infected fungal diseases occurred by different type relationships between fungal and host, although there we have investigate only foliicolous (Leaf infected fungal organism) fungal diseases. The present communication deals with a new species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes Gyrothrix schleicherae infecting the leaves of Schleichera oleosa (Lours.) Oken. (Sapindaceae). The collection of fungal disease specimens during the course of mycotaxonomic survey different seasons in round of the year, after that described to illustrate and compared with allied taxa. Mycotaxonomic investigation from the forest flora of Betul (M.P.) Indian sub-continent. Betul located in the southern boundary of Madhya Pradesh, state of central India. It is one of the marginally located southern districts of Madhya Pradesh, lying almost wholly on the Satpura plateau. Key words: Mycological study, Mycotaxonomy, Hyphomycetes, Gyrothrix schleicherae, Schleichera oleosa. INTRODUCTION Corda (1842) erected the genus Gyrothrix to include species very close to Circinotrichum (Hughes & Pirozynski 1970) but with branched setae. Nevertheless Corda did not propose a type species and preserved the specimens with Gyrothrix characters in the genus Campsotrichum Ehrenberg (1819) as C. podopermum section in Gyrothrix. Rabenhorst (1844) transferred Campsotrichum podospermum Corda to Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Rabenhorst. The morphological characters of Gyrothrix specimens are very close to Circinotrichum: presumably they have the same phialidic conidiogenesis, in some species, like G. verticiclada (Goid.) Hughes & Pirozynski, It is easy to find specimens with not branched setae and all the species of the both genera are characterized by a strong morphological variability. Goidanich (1935) described Peglionia verticiclada as new genus and new species found on dead leaves of Laurus nobilis and Prunus cerasus in Italy. This species presents morphological characters closed to Gyrothrix and Circinotrichum but largely different between Circinotrichum and Gyrothrix, mainly for the particular shape of the setae. Hughes in 1971, without any particular documentation and leaving some perplexities, considers Peglionia as synonym of Gyrothrix and given the new combination Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goidanich) Hughes. Nevertheless since there are impossibilities to find the original diagnosis of the genus and proposed the diagnosis of Peglionia as Goidanich published in 1935 and that could be extended to Gyrothrix. *Corresponding author: Dr. Ravindra Singh Thakur, Lab of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.) India. ravindrasingh_14@yahoo.com, mycologyravindrasagar@gmail.com

2 Thakur et al. 017 The excessive infection of this fungus may be able to produce enormous number of conidia or inocula, which if blown away by wind may affect and infect the nearly adjacent crop field therefore, leading to poor yield and thus adversely affecting the bio productivity of the crops, which is very injurious for the farmers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Survey of the fungal specimens from selected forest area. Collection of the fungal infected parts from plant, leaves and their parts, Study of the nature of symptoms, Slide preparation (by scrap, mount and thin hand cut section) and microscopic investigation. Type material and other herbarium specimens have been examined in distilled water and lactic acid using an Olympus BX40 light microscope. On living leaves of Schleichera oleosa (Lours.) Oken. (Sapindaceae) January 2010, Betul Forest, Madhya Pradesh, India. Material examined: India, Madhya Pradesh, Betul, Forest January 2010 (collector) R.S. THAKUR S.U. Herb No. RS-BOT-369 Holotype, HCIO Isotype Results Mycotaxonomic analyses: GYROTHRIX CORDA (1842) Corda Icones Fungorum, 1842, fide Goidanich, Malpighia, Gyrothrix schleicherae sp.nov. (Fig. 01, Fig. 02, Table 1.)

3 World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 018 Laesiones amphigenae, repraesentatur per colonias exeunt. Coloniarum, amphiphyllous, effusae, brunneae ad nigrum, quod repraesentatur per velutinae augmenti. Mycelium hypharum partim superficiale et partim adsiduus in substratum, superficialis mycelium compositum ex parva network of ramosis et anastomosantibus, laevibus muratas, septatis, lux, obscure olivaceo hyphae. Stroma et hyphopodia absentare. Setae numerosae, erecti curvati, simplex ramosa ad profusius ramosae, septatae, brunneis usque atrobrunneis, squalidus spinulosis circinate, ramosis (35-77x2.5-3 μm), ramosa (97.5x2.5 μm). Conidiophora micronematius 3-5x2.5-3 μm, conidiophora repraesentatur per cellulas conidiogenas in superficial prope basin hyphis de setae in ordine seu faciend rete quasi structura, lageniformia, hayaline usque laete brunneis, laeves. Conidia solitaria, siccus, simplex ut in medium curvatis, fusiformes ad obclavate, truncatae, basi aggregatos in albo layer prope basin de setae et circum de setae, cylindratis, rectae, corniform apice et pseudopointed levibus hyalinis usque leui colore, 0- septatae, x1-1.5 μm. Lesions amphygenous, represented by colonies. Colonies, amphiphyllous, effuse, brown to black, represented by velvety growth. Mycelium of hyphae partly superficial and partly immersed in the substratum, superficial mycelium composed of a small network of branched and anastomosing, smooth walled, septate, light to dark olivaceous hyphae. Stroma and hyphopodia absent. Setae numerous, erect to curved, simple unbranched to profusely branched, septate, brown to dark brown, rough to spinulose, circinate, branched (35-77x2.5-3 μm), unbranched (97.5x2.5 μm). Conidiophores micronematous 3-5x2.5-3 μm, conidiophores represented by conidiogenous cells on the superficial base of the setae in a row or making net like structure, lageniform, hyaline to light brown, Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal and cylindrical. Conidia solitary, dry, simple to mid curved, fusiform to obclavate, truncate at the base aggregated in a white layer near the base of the setae and around of setae, cylindrical, straight, corniform at the apex and subopointed smooth, hyaline to light colour, 0- septatae, x1-1.5 μm.

4 Thakur et al. 019 Table 1. Comparative account of Gyrothrix schleicherae sp. nov. with allied taxa. Species G. circinata Pirozynski (1962). G. ramosa Zucconi and Onofri (1989). Spots & Colonies Effused, velvety, dark brown to black, scattered. Superficial mycelium composed of a network of branched and anastomosing, smooth walled, septate, subhyaline to clear olivaceous. Effuse blackish brown or black. Setae Conidiophores Conidia Numerous, frequently intertwined, erect, septate, dark brown, rough, circinate, x4 μm. Branches clear brown, spinulose, circinate. Erect, 1-3 times branched, branches circinate, septate, brown, verrucose, up to 150x3-3.5 μm. Structure Conidiogenous cells on the superficial base of the setae, phialidiform, obclavate, lageniform. Micronematous, flexuous, Smooth. Colour & Septation - Subhyaline to pale brown. Size (in µm) Structure 8x3-4. Aggregated in a white layer near the base of the setae, cylindrical, straight or gently curved, corniform at the apex and pointed at the base. 6-9 x Aggregated in white layer at the base of the setae, straight or slightly curved, 0- Colour & Septation Hyaline, 0- Hyaline, Size (in µm) 12-14x x2-3. G. caesalpiniacearum R S Thakur (2013). Lesions irregular, amphigenous, colonies represented by small to large dots, amphiphyllous, effuse, dark brown to light black, represented by velvety growth. Superficial mycelium composed of a network of hyphal branches with conidiophore and setae, smooth walled, septate, light to dark in colour. Numerous, generally intertwined and 1-5 times branched, sometimes one arm becomes elongated, erect and a bit curved at apex. Setae erect, simple to circinate, spinulate simple, few setae produce very short branches and coil at end, light to dark olivaceous and coiled apex, x2-2.5 µm. Conidiogenous cells are represented by conidiophores on the superficial base of the setae and all over the mycelium, micronematous, mononematous. Grey x Aggregated in a hyaline to grey bunch around the setae, solitary, sometimes appearing coming from setae from different part of branches, dry, cylindrical to lageniform, straight to curved, subpointed. grey, subpointed, x

5 World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 020 Table 1. Cont. G. pterospermeae R S Thakur (2013). G. schleicherae sp. nov. Lesions represented by colonies, amphygenous. Colonies, amphiphyllous, effuse, light brown to black, represented by velvety growth. Mycelium of hyphae superficial to partly immersed in the substratum, Superficial mycelium composed of a small network of branched and anastomosing, smooth walled, septate, light olivaceous hyphae. Lesions amphigenous, represented by colonies. Colonies, amphiphyllous, effuse, brown to black, represented by velvety growth. Mycelium of hyphae partly superficial and partly immersed in the substratum, superficial mycelium composed of a small network of branched and anastomosing, smooth walled, septate, light to dark olivaceous hyphae. Numerous, generally intertwined, erect to curved, likely geniculate, straight to unbranched, sometimes branched to subbranched, generally produce 1-3 short branches from common point (hyaline to light olivaceous and not spinulate), normal setae septate, olivaceous to brown, rough, circinate, branched ( x ), unbranched (105.5x2.5) μm. Numerous, erect to curved, simple unbranched to profusely branched, septate, brown to dark brown, rough to spinulose, circinate, branched (35-77x2.5-3), unbranched (97.5x2.5) μm. Micronematous, hyaline to light brown, 2-3x2.5-2 μm, conidiogenous cells on the superficial base of the setae numerous, monoblastic, terminal, cylindrical, Micronematius 3-5x2.5-3 μm, conidiophores represented by conidiogenous cells on the superficial base of the setae in a row or making net like structure, lageniform, Hyaline to light brown. light brown. 2-3 x x Aggregated, hyaline, around the setae, solitary, dry, subcurved to curved, cylindrical to lageniform, thread like, straight to curved, apex acute to subacute. Solitary, dry, simple to mid curved, fusiform to obclavate, truncate at the base aggregated in a white layer near the base of the setae and around of setae, cylindrical, straight, corniform at the apex and subopointed light colour, 0-2 Hyaline, x x1-1.5

6 Thakur et al. 021 DISCUSSION A thorough survey of literature on the fungal genus Gyrothrix reported from different plant hosts suggested that Gyrothrix circinata Pirozynski (1962) is the only valid recorded species comparable to the proposed taxon. However we have also included G. ramosa Zucconi and Onofri (1989) and my own described species of thesis here in the table (Table 1). The data show that the new taxon shows dissimilarities in size and structure of the setae and conidia with the tabular species. Therefore, the present taxon is all together distinct so much so to describe it as a new species. It we go through the table critically it is very clearly evident that a few of the characters are similar to one species, while it is altogether different with other species likewise a bit of characters and dissimilar while a bit of characters are similar with one species or the other. That is to say no one species is altogether similar to our species and at great variance in most of the Mycotaxonomic characters and hence warrants its inclusion as a new species. It is gathered from systematic survey of the literature that no species of Gyrothrix has earlier been reported either on the host family or the host Schleichera oleosa and may be termed host specific. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to The Curator, Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) New Delhi for depositing the fungal specimens and their accession and the Head, Department of Botany, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India for providing necessary facilities. REFERENCES Corda ACJ (1842). Anleitung zum Studium der Mykologie, Ellis MB (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. 608 pages Goidanich G (1935). Un nuovo genere di Demaziacee amerospore, Malpighia. 34: 5-9. Hughes SJ, Pirozynski KA (1970). New Zealand Fungi 15. Beltraniella, Circinotrichum and Gyrothrix (Syn. Peglionia). New Zeal. J. Bot. 9: Index Fungorum. Authors of Fungal Names January 15, International Mycological Association. Fungal Database Nomenclature and Species Bank. Accessed December 25, Kirk PM (1981). New or interesting microfungi, III. A preliminary account of microfungi colonizing Laurus nobilis leaf litter. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 77(3): Kirk PM (1982). New or interesting microfungi, V. Microfungi colonizing Laurus nobilis leaf litter. Trans Br. Mycol. Soc. 78(2): Pirozynski KA (1962). Circinotrichum and Gyrothrix. Mycol. Pap. 84: Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Fungus-Host Database. Accessed August 30, 2014). Thakur RS (2013). Foliicolous fungal diseases from the forest flora of Betul (M.P.): A Survey and Mycotaxonomic investigation. Pages Zucconi L, Onofri S (1989). Gyrothrix ramosa sp. nov. and notes on G. citricola, Mycol. Res. 92: Accepted 10 September, 2014 Citation: Thakur RS, Rai AN, Pahariya RK (2014). Mycological investigation on the Fungal Genus Gyrothrix Corda in the forest flora of Madhya Pradesh India. World Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(3): Copyright: 2014 Thakur et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.