Dealing With Dampness in Buildings

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1 Dealing With Dampness in Buildings Excessive Moisture and its Affect on the Home Environment 1of 68 How Long Has Mold Been a Problem? Leviticus 14:45 A house desecrated by mildew, mold, or fungus would be a defiled place to live in, so drastic measures had to be taken. Leviticus 13:47-50 If any clothing is contaminated with mildew---any woolen or linen clothing, any woven or knitted material of linen or wool, any leather or anything made of leather---if the contamination in the clothing or leather, or woven or knitted material, or any leather article, is greenish or reddish, it is a spreading mildew and must be shown to the priest. The priest is to examine the mildew and isolate the affected article for seven days Leviticus 11:47 You must distinguish between the unclean and the clean 2of 68 Some Real Life Problems 3of 68

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5 13 of 68 Molds on Building Materials Stachybotrys (black mold) on piece of wall paper 14 of 68 Molds on Building Materials Stachybotrys on a piece of dry wall 15 of 68

6 Molds on Building Materials Aspergillus versicolor under wall paper 16 of 68 What is Mold Molds are single cell filamentous microorganisms that thrive in moist environments They can be beneficial to mankind in many ways Making of cheese Antibiotics Yeast (a type of mold) is used to make Bread Beer Wine 17 of 68 What is Mold Molds can be detrimental They can cause many diseases Athletes foot Dermatitis Allergies They can destroy wood, fabric and other materials by using them as a food source 18 of 68

7 Athletes Feet 19 of 68 Paracoccidiodes 20 of 68 Chromoblastomycosis 21 of 68

8 Penicillium marneffei 22 of 68 Sporotrichosis schenkii 23 of 68 Ringworm 24 of 68

9 A Closer Look at Molds Molds can come in many shapes and colors Some are beneficial and other can be harmful 25 of 68 An Even Closer Look Most mold produce some type of protective structure called spores These structures also aid in reproduction and are easily disseminated throughout an environment. These structures can be inhaled or ingested without knowing it 26 of 68 An Even Closer Look From Culture To Slide 27 of 68 9

10 How do Molds Effect Your Health Most molds encountered in the home environment do not adversely effect HEALTHY individuals Too much exposure to molds can worsen or aggravate medical conditions such as Asthma Hay fever Allergies Depending on the type of mold and the person s vulnerability more serious health effects can develop Fevers Breathing problems Lung and respiratory disease 28 of 68 How Do Molds Cause Disease When moldy materials become damaged or disturbed, mold SPORES can be released into the air 29 of 68 How Do Molds Cause Disease Exposure to molds occur when people accidentally inhale mold spores that may be present in the air. These mold spores are very resistant to adverse environmental stresses and can survive for prolonged periods of time on inanimate objects Fungus 30 of 68 10

11 How Do Molds Cause Disease Mold can sometimes produce chemicals called mycotoxins. Some of the most potent poisons known to man are mycotoxins Some mycotoxins are referred to as aflotoxins and can cause cancer Mycotoxins may cause illness in people who are sensitive to them or if they are exposed to large amounts in the air. Large exposures are typically associated with certain occupations 31 of 68 How Does Mold Grow? All molds need water to grow. Mold can grow almost anywhere there is water damage, high humidity, or dampness. Most often molds are confined to areas near the source of water. Removing the source of moisture - such as through repairs or dehumidification - is critical to preventing mold growth. 32 of 68 What is Dampness Dampness is misplaced water Water can enter a building as a liquid Flooding Leaking roofs Infiltration through basement walls Water can enter building through the atmosphere Condensation in attics Condensation on basement walls 33 of 68

12 Condensation Prior to the 1960 s excessive dampness in homes and building was not an enormous problems Homes and buildings were not well insulated and air spaces within the structure allowed for the building to breath Change in building design mainly to conserve energy had made buildings much tighter locking in moisture Changes in life styles have also contributed to excessive moisture in buildings 34 of 68 Relative Humidity vs Moisture Content vs Water Activity 35 of 68 Dampness Spectrum Decay Impossible Decay??? Inevitable Water Activity Relative Humidity 0% 10% 20% 30% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Outside Normal Room 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22% 24% 26% 28% 30% Wood Moisture 36 of 68

13 High Moisture Decay??? Inevitable Water Activity % 100% Relative Humidity 24% 26% 28% 30% Wood Moisture 37 of 68 Testing for Molds in the Environment 38 of 68 Moisture Level Testing 39 of 68

14 Moisture Level Testing 40 of 68 Viable Mold Counts 41 of 68 Using an Anderson Sampler 42 of 68

15 Anderson Sampler with Plate 43 of 68 Using and Anderson Sampler 44 of 68 Incubation 45 of 68

16 After Incubation 3 days 4 days 7 days 46 of 68 Identification and Enumeration 47 of 68 Identification and Enumeration Each COLONY represents the growth from 1 mold spore 15 colonies on this plate represent 14 mold spores in 28.3 liters of air 48 of 68

17 Results of Viable Mold Spores ID # S-01 Media MIA Location Basement Genus Found Aspergillus versicolor Penicillum spp. Cladosorium spp. Aspergillus nidulans Alterneria nidulas Chaetomium spp. % Total Count (CFU/m 3 ) 2,997 S-02 MIA Outside Cladosporium spp. Penicillium spp. Rhizopus spp. Fusarium spp. Alternaria spp of 68 Interpretation Current research data in air quality studies suggests that fungal counts greater that 1000 CFU/m 3 are indicative of poor indoor air quality Comparison of the indoor vs outdoor concentrations together with the PREDOMINANT fungal genera must also be considered when interpreting the data. 50 of 68 Penicillium species have been shown to be fairly common indoors Even clean environments may contain low concentrations of this mold Penicillium begins to show up in problem buildings in numbers greater than outdoors (Burge, 1986; Miller et al., 1988; Flannigan and Miller, 1994). Spores have the highest concentrations of mycotoxins although the vegetative portion of the mold, the mycelium, can also contain the poison. Viability of spores is not essential to toxicity, so that the spore as a dead particle can still be a source of toxin. Penicillium spp 51 of 68

18 Aspergillus sp Aspergillus species are also fairly prevalent in problem buildings. This genus contains several toxigenic species, among which the most important are A. parasiticus A. flavus A. fumigatus Has been found in many building indoor air samples A. versicolor A more common Aspergillus species found in wet buildings, where it has been found growing on wallpaper, wooden floors, fibreboard and otherbuilding material. Does not produce aflatoxins, but does produce a less potent toxin, sterigmatocystin, an aflatoxin precursor 52 of 68 Stachybotrys chartarum (atra) Has been much discussed in the popular press and has been the subject of a number of building related illness investigations. Not readily measured from air samples because its spores, when wet, are sticky and not easily aerosolized. Because it does not compete well with other molds or bacteria, it is easily overgrown in a sample, especially since it does not grow well on standard media (Jarvis, 1990). Has a high moisture requirement, so it grows vigorously where moisture has accumulated from roof or wall leaks, or chronically wet areas from plumbing leaks. It is often hidden within the building envelope. Therefore, if this mold is found even in LOW numbers it should trigger a more extensive investigation. Animal experiments in which rats and mice were exposed intranasally and intratracheally to toxic strains of S. chartarum, demonstrated acute pulmonary hemorrhage (Nikkulin et al. 1996) An infant with pulmonary hemorrhage in Kansas, reported significantly elevated spore counts of Aspergillus/Penicillium in the patient s bedroom and in the attic of the home. 53 of 68 Stachybotrys chartarum (atra) 54 of 68

19 Cladosporium spp. Most commonly identified outdoor fungus. Often found indoors in numbers less than outdoor numbers. A common allergen It is commonly found on the surface of fiberglass duct liner in the interior of supply ducts Common cause of extrinsic asthma Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms Chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. 55 of 68 Chaetomium sp. Found on a variety of substrates containing cellulose including paper and plant compost. It can be readily found on the damp or water damaged paper in sheetrock. Most species should be considered allergenic Some species have been implicated in fatal systemic mycosis but now toxic diseases have been documented to date 56 of 68 Extremely widespread and ubiquitous It is commonly found in outdoor samples It is often found in carpets, textiles, and on horizontal surfaces in building interiors It is often found in carpets, textiles, and on horizontal surfaces in building interiors Often found on window frames It has been associated with hypersensitivity pneumoniti, sinusitis, deratomycosis, onychomycosis, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and invasive infection Alternaria sp. 57 of 68

20 Fusarium spp. It is often found in humidifiers Reported to be allergenic The genera can produce hemorrhagic syndrome in humans This is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, and extensive internal bleeding Frequently involved in eye, skin and nail infections 58 of 68 Rhizopus spp. Reported to be allergenic The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye, and skin 59 of 68 Spore Trap Sample Analysis Air-O-Cell 60 of 68

21 Procedure Special cassettes fitted with a sticky filter are hooked up to a vacuum pump drawing air at 15 lpm Particles suspended in the air are drawn through the cassette and become imbedded on the filter The filter is then examined microscopically and the contents is identified and enumerated 61 of 68 Typical Air-O-Cell Results Airborne Mold Spore Concentrations (CTS/m 3 ) Air Trap Analysis Bipolaris Fusarium Particle ID Aspergillus/Pencillin Arthroconidia Ascospores Basidiospores Curvularia Hyphal fragments Total Spores S-01 Basement 85, ,457 S-02 Kitchen 9, ,279 S-03 Outside of 68 Interpretation Air quality experts and published literature indicate that Mold Trap Analysis with counts greater that 2000 CTS/m3 is indicative of poor indoor air quality Comparison of indoor/outdoor concentration ratios and predominant fungal genera should also be considered when interpreting data 63 of 68

22 Elimination Solution #1 Identify the source of the problem and its cause. Try to a devise a repair strategy. Remove or substitute any damaged or otherwise affected area (carpeting, wood products, etc.). Sanitize all areas where mold was growing. Use caution when dealing with molds, as somemay be very toxic! Eliminate any one (or all) of the five ingredients necessary ford growth MOISTURE Food source Air Suitable temperature, and a surface to grow on). 64 of 68 Separation Solution #2 Separate the problem areas from the living space by building a between you and it. The reasoning is: "If a pollutant can't reach you - it can't hurt you". Paint, seal, and disinfect mold & mildew stains on walls, ceilings, and window & door frames. 65 of 68 Ventilation Solution #3 Ensure that you have adequate ventilation that provides a proper exchange of air between rooms - and indoors & outdoors. Consider installing an air-exchanger or heat recovery ventilator. 66 of 68

23 Solution #4 Filtration Rarely works well on its own. It is best when used in conjunction with one (or all) of the other three steps outlined here. Try to eliminate any problems you may be experiencing using one of the other principles, first. 67 of of 68

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