Oregon Agricultural College

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1 Sttion Bulletin 143 My, 1917 Oregon Agriculturl College Experiment Sttion Deprtment of Botny nd Plnt Pthology New Fcts Regrding the Period of Ascopore Dischrge of the Apple Scb Fungus BY LEROY CHLDS Entomologist nd Plnt Pthologist, Flood River Brnch Experiment Sttion. CORVALLS. OREGON The regulr bulletins of the Sttion re sent free to the residents of Oregon who request them.

2 STATON STAFF Bord of Regents of the Oregon Agriculturl College nd Experiment Sttion HON. 3. K. WEATHERFO}tD, President Albny HON. N. H. MOORE, Secretry Corvllis HON. C. L. HAWLEY, Tresurer McCoy HON. JEFFERSON MYERS Portlnd HON. JAMES WTHYCOMBE, Governor of the Stte Slem HON. J. A. CHURCHLL, Stte Superintendent of Public nstruction Slem HON. BEN W. OLCOTT, Secretry of Stte Slem HON. CHARLES E. SPENCE, Mster of the Stte Grnge Oregon City HON. CLARA H. WALDO HON. WALTER M. PERCE Portlnd L Grnde HON. M. S. WOODCOCK Corvllis HON. H. VON DER HELLEN Wellen HON. G. M. CORNWALL Portlnd Ad ministrtion W. J. KERR, D. Sc President A. B. CORDEY, D. S, Director Deprtment of Animl Husbndry E. L. POTTER, B. S Chief in Animl Husbndry R. SAMSON, B. S. M. NELSON, B. S Assistnt in Animl Husbndry Assistnt n Animl Husbndry Deprtment of Bcteriology T. D. BECKWTH, M. S., Chief in Bcteriology Deprtment of Botny nd Plnt Pthology P. BARSS, M. M. B. McKAY, M. Chief in Botny nd Plnt Pthology. H. ELMER, M. S Reserch Assistnt in Botny nd Plnt Pthology Assistnt in Botny nd Plnt Pthology Deprtment of Chemistry H. V. TARTAR, B. S. Chief in Agriculturl Chemistry BERT PLKNGTON, B. S...Reserch Assistnt in Agriculturl Chemistry R. H. ROBNSON, B. S H. G. MLLER, B. S Reserch Assistnt in Agriculturl Chemistry NAO UYE, Reserch Assistnt n Agriculturl Chemistry B. S., Reserch Fellow Deprtment of Diry Husbndry R. H. GRAVES, M. S Chief in Diry Husbndry Deprtment of Dringe nd rrigtion W. L. POWERS, M. S Chief in Dringe nd rrigtion Deprtment of Entomology W. J. CHAMBERLN, B. S Chief in Entomology F. MOZNETTE, B. S Reserch Assistnt LEROY ORLD5, B. S. Reserch Assistnt Entomologist, Hood River, Acting Superintendent Deprtment of Frm Crops R. HYSLOP, B. S A. SCHOTH, M. S Chief in Frm Crops Expert in Vetch nvestigtions Deprtment of Horticulture C.. LEWS, M. S. A V. R. GARDNER, M. S Vice-Director, nd Chief in Horticulture te. J. KRAUS, B. S. Pornologist A. G. BOUQUET, B. S Professor of Reserch A. F. BARSS, M. S. Assistnt n Olericulture J. R. MAGNESS, M. S Assistnt in Resech G. G. BROWN, B. S. Assistnt in Reserch E. W. MONTELL, B. S Horticulturist, Hood River Reserch Fellow Deprtment of Soils nd Frm Mngement H. D. SCUDDER, B. S C. V. RUZEK, B. S Chief in Soils nd Frm Mngement J. B. COOTER, B. S Assistnt n Soils Assistnt in Soils Lbortory Deprtment of Veterinry Medicine B. T. SMMS, D. V. M., Chief in Veterinry Medicine Robert Withycombe, B. S., Supt. Estern Ore. Brnch Experiment Sttion, Union R. W. Allen, M. S D. E. Stephens, B. S. Supt. Umtill Brnch Experiment Sttion, Hermiston Spt. Shermn County Dry-Frm Br. Exp. Sttion, C. Reimer, M. S Moro L. R. Breithupt, B. S Supt. Southern Oregon Brnch Exp. Sttion, Tlent Supt. Hrney Co. Brnch Experiment Sttion, Burns A. E. Engebretson, B. S... Act. Supt. John Jcob Astor Br. Exp. Sttion, Astori * On leve of bsence.

3 NEW FACTS REGARDNG THE PEROD OF ASCOSPORE DSCHARGE OF THE APPLE SCAB FUNGUS By LEROY CHLDS nvestigtions for the control of pple scb, which hve been crried on t Hood River, Oregon, during the pst three yers, hve demonstrted tht, unlike control mesure for this disese in estern United Sttes, n ppliction of fungicide hs to be mde erlier thn the "pink" or cluster bud spry in order successfully to control the fungus. Jckson nd Winston; (1) in their experimentl work in 1914 t Hood River for the control of scb, begn their experimentl work with the pink spry. From the stndpoint of scb control the results obtined were very poor. A very lrge percentge of the fruits were found to possess primry or scospore infections t the time the experiments were checked t hrvest time. nvestigtions were continued by J. R. Winston (2) nd the writer in One of the most importnt objects of the work ws to determine the vlue for scb control of wht is often clled the "delyed-dormnt" ppliction given previous to the "pink" spry. The experimentl plots were ech divided into two prts. On one prt the pplictions were begun with the delyed-dormnt spry; on the other prt this ws omitted, nd the pplictions were begun with the pink spry. n every experiment better control of scb ws obtined where the extr-erly spry ws used, verging bout 12 percent more clen fruit on ll plots. These results convincingly demonstrted the vlue of the delyed-dormnt ppliction for controlling the disese in this region. The nvestigtion Up to the present time prcticlly no work of n investigtionl nture, directed towrd the study of the life-history of the disese, hs been undertken in the West. For the most prt, control mesures preceding 1915 hve been bsed on studies of the disese crried on in severl sections of the Est. The need for spry erlier thn tht required in other sections, however, seemed to point out tht some mrked differences in the erly development of the fungus existed. n order to determine the time t which primry infection could be expected nd the bering tht it would hve on the first ppliction of fungicide, study of the scospore ctivity of the fungus ws mde during The investigtion ws productive of severl interesting fcts; including the correltion of spore ejection with the previling wether conditions, the number of periods of serious scospore dischrge, nd the length of scospore ctivity during the seson. n 1916 the first field observtions were mde by the writer on Februry 2. Peritheci t tht time were found to be numerous on the old leves in nerly every orchrd exmined. Mteril ws brought into the lbortory t this time, individul perithecium were tesed out of the lef Jckson, H. S., nd Winston, J. R. Report of the Hood River Brnch Exp. Ste Winston, J R., nd Child5, Leroy. Report of the Hood River Brnch Rxp. Ste

4 4 tissues, mounted on slides, nd exmined with the microscope. The contents were observed to be composed of undifferentited protoplsm. Cross sections of peritheci were lso mde with rzor, but no cellulr divisions were found in the contents of these bodies. On Mrch 7 nother exmintion ws mde. Development hd occurred to the extent tht the generl form of the sci were distinguishble; no differentition or visible spore formtion ws observed within the sci. From mteril which ws gthered on Februry 2, nd kept in moist chmber in the lbortory, developing spores were observed within the sci on this dte. Spore dischrge occurred from this mteril on Mrch 14. The first spores were observed "shooting" in the field on Mrch 2. The spores were cught by plcing ordinry miscroscope slides over old scb-infected leves in much the sme mnner s described by Wllce (3). nsted of coting the sides with glue, however, very thin film Fig. 1. Method used in ctching ejected scb spores in the field. of glycerine jelly ws rubbed on the surfces tht were to be plced next to the leves. The spores were found to stick redily to the glss itself, but with the glycerine jelly present there ws much less tendency for wshing wy the spores by the hevy rins tht occurred. At ech end of the glss slide mtch, split lengthwise, ws plced to prevent the slides from exerting ny pressure upon the lef surfce. See Figure 1. Quite often the leves becme swollen with long continued rins, t which times they cme into contct with the surfce of the glss. Seven leves were used in the experiment, these sme leves being employed throughout the entire seson. The scbby leves nd s1ides were given corresponding letters so tht complete record of ctivity ws obtined from ech lef studied. During the first two months the slides were exmined dily nd replced by clen slides; lter, during periods when (3) Wllce, Errett. Scb Disese of Apple. Cornell Univ. Bul. 335.

5 5 gret del of fir wether occurred with no ejection, the slides were exmined but every other dy. t ws thought dvisble to record, s ccurtely s ws possible with the limited time for the work, the severity of dily dischrge. Owing to the fct tht it ws imprcticble to ttempt the counting of ejected spores over the entire slide, the numbers were determined on twenty-five or thirty fields of the low power of the microscope.

6 25 15 Tble. Record of Ascospore Ejection of Apple Scb Fungus, Key to Symbols used: xx Averge of to 15 spores to low power field of microscore. - No spore ejection. xxx Averge of 5 to 7 spores to low power field of microscope. lx) Not more thn 1 spores found on slide. xxxx Averge of more thn 7 spores to low power field of microscope. Slide A xxx 1 1 xxx xx x 1 -- B 1 1 xxxxl-- C lxx- D lxx E. iii it xx ' lxx ii ' 1 1 xx () xi (x) x xxxi(x) x (x)l (x)i (x) - xx xl xx xxx xxi (x) x lx) - xx XXX xxx xxi x x - ' (x) i1 x S xx xl (x) () (x)h x (x)l (x) xi (x)1 (x) xx xx (xl - - (x) xxx xx xxj xx xx xxl xx x. (x)l () () xl X (x) (x) (x)i x (x)i (xl Wether Con- ( ditions z..z z1z > K i_.. 51 C/) C C. 1 s. O.. C 5 S Ow K. x Averge of 2 to spores to low power field of microscope. 1 Record not obtined. T. Trce of rin. MARCH APRL- Precipi ittion T T T Record of precipittion kindly supplied by Mr. E. W. Bire, T.J. S. Coopertive Observer.

7 - Tble. Record of Ascospore Ejection of Apple Scb Fungus, 1916Continued. A --() Key to Symbols used: No spore ejection. (xl Not more thn 1 spores found on slide. Averge of 2 to spores to low power field of microscope. APRLContinued. xx () xx Averge of S to 15 spores to low power field of mieroscope. m Averge of 5 to 7 spores to low power field of microscope. xxxx Averge of more thn 7 spores to low power field of microscope. 1 Record not obtined. T. Trce of rin. MAY Slide i ll , B () xx () xx() xixi(x)(x)_xx_ x xxxx x () xxi xx x x xx (x) xl - - lxi lxi xxx x x C (x)xxximxxxxxlx (x)--.. (x)(x)xxxx xx D. (x) (x) xxxxi xx xx xxx x x (xl x B xi(x)i (x) (x)(x)(x)xxxx F (x) - (x)xxx (x)xxxxxxxxxxxxxx'xx x _H_- - (x) xxxxxxxxx xxx (x) xx () x x x xx1 x x - (x) x x (x) -. o Wether l. Conditions Q. o o. Precipittion r.5.1 T.1O O7T HO4T

8 13 Tble. Record of Ascospore Ejection of Apple Scb Fungus, 1916Continued. A B C D E. F Key to Symbols used: xx Averge of to 15 spores to low power field of microscope. - No spore ejection. xxx Averge of 5 to 7 spores to low power field of microecope (? Not more thn 1 spores found on slide. xxxx Averge of more thn 7 spores to low power field of microscope. x Averge of 2 to spores to low power field of microscope. 1 Record not obtined. T. Trce of rin. Slide Wether Conditions MAYContinued. JUNE JULY () () x () - (x) - (x) (x) (x) - () (x) - - -o -o C.) C.). 5> Sn z -H (x) ()> o o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 5-5!5-1h1216 5,.2. Precipittion. T T spores from one scus found; ll found to hve germinted. spores from one scus; none germinted when found.

9 9 The erliest spore ejection noted t Hood River occurred on Mrch 2, 1916; the lst dichrge ws observed on June 27 or more thn three months lter. n the cse of lef "E," spores were ejected on 3 different dys during this time. The peritheci on lef 'G," ejected spores on but 25 dys. The verge for the seven leves studied show tht spore ejection occurred on more thn 3l dys. During the spring of 1916 there were five distinct periods of bundnt scospore dischrge, during which time the wether ws idel for generl scb infection. There were lso four periods of limited ejection with wether conditions less fvorble for infection. The longest continuous dischrge recorded begn on My 5 extending to My 14, inclusive, or 1 dys. No rin fell on the 13th nd 14th; moisture, however, from previling hevy dews ws sufficient to wet the slides nd leves, cusing spore ejection on these dys. This would probbly not occur to ny gret extent under norml conditions. The glss slides often collected moisture from hevy dews. This excess moisture probbly ccounts for occsionl light dischrges of spores on dys upon which no precipittion occurred. The first period of ejection, occurring between Mrch 2 nd 2, took plce hefore the winter buds on the trees hd expnded, with the possible exception of few very erly vrieties, nd on this ccount prcticlly no infection resulted. Newtowns rid Spitzenburgs, the most widely grown vrieties in the vlley, were lrgely dormnt. By referring to the record, it will be found tht the second period of ejection begn on April 1. With the exception of the thirteenth, reltively bundnt dischrge of spores occurred until the twenty-first; the wether conditions were idel for the germintion of scb spores. Fortuntely, the delyed-dormnt limesulfur ppliction hd been mde by roost of the orchrdists between the sixth nd the tenth of the month. On the writer's experimentl plots this spry ws pplied on the eighth. Figure 2 shows the condition of the trees t the time of this hevy spore dischrge. The trees hd not sufficiently developed to receive the pink or cluster bud ppliction of spry until the twentieth to the twenty-fifth. Applictions mde during this period were gin dvntgeously pplied, since mny dys of bundnt spore ejection immeditely followed. Scb infections were first observed on unspryed trees on My. This conidil growth ws undoubtedly the result of infections which took plce between April 1 nd 21, s the limited time elpsing following the lst period of dischrge would hrdly wrrnt drwing ny other conclusion. t ws observed tht s rule the heviest spore ejection occurred during the first two or three dys of riny period, grdully becoming less towrds the end of the wet wether. t would pper then tht the store of spores, which ws ripened during the dry wether, re relesed bundntly during wet wether nd tht dischrge during the ltter prt of the wet periods occurs s the spores rech mturity. The spore ejection which begn on vly 21 nd extended to My 26, ws the lst of importnce. On sonic of the slides Ce. g., C nd F) lrge numbers of spores were obtined dily during this period of riny wether. Following this ctivity, settled wether previled until June 17, t which time light dischrge of spores ws obtined on ll but one of the slides. With but one exception, ejection cesed (slide E) even though idel wether conditions previled until July 4. Severe conidil infection took

10 1 plce during this period in poorly spryed orchrds. Scb infections developed on some of the writer's unspryed check trees from 3.3 percent (primry or scospore infections) to totl of 97.4 percent. Comprison of Locl Ascospore Ejection With Tht Reported in Other Loclities As Tble indictes, scospore ejection begn not only more thn month erlier thn hs been previously recorded but extended to. much lter dte thn hs been supposed. Clinton (4) reports tht the scospore reches mturity during April nd My in llinois. le gives no specific dte. Wllce (19) (.) hs mde observtions in New York reltive to initil ejection; he sttes tht, "n nture the scospores usully begin to mture t or bout the time when the blossoms re redy to open. n 19 mture spores were found on My 4, nd in 191 on My 1. n ech cse the blossoms were bout to open." Morse (1915) (5) reports the following observtions in the Stte of Mine: "On My 3 only immture sci or spore scs could be found. These leves were moistened nd then plced in covered porous flower pot sucers, the ltter being prtly sunk in the soil out of doors to prevent drying out nd to keep the leves s ner under norml conditions s ws possible. Asci were still immture t the time of the first ppliction of the fungicidl spry on My 14 nd did not rech mturity until 4 or 5 dys therefter." Sesonl development ws much erlier t Hood River in both 1914 nd 1915 thn during the pst 'er. On Mrch 21, 1915, the following is quoted from the notes of J. R. Winston reltive to the condition of scb on the fllen leves: Scb on the old leves is quite bundnt nd the peritheci pper somewht lrger thn usul. Found scospores of Venturi inequlisl in ll stges of development from mture scospores to msses of protoplsm without differentition. There is n bundnce of spores redy for ejection with the occurence of fvorble circumstnces." n this yer Winston found the primry infections ppering on the folige on April 2, or 1 dys erlier thn ws the cse in Professor H. P. Brss, Plnt Pthologist, nd G. B. Posey, Reserch Assistnt, deprtment of Plnt Pthology, Oregon Agrculturl Experiment Sttion, hve lso mde observtions reltive to the scospore dischrge of this fungus in the Willmette Vlley t Corvllis, Oregon. Generl climtic conditions re somewht different there thn t Hood River; the winters being usully milder, with greter rinfll. The first observtions on scospore development were mde by Professor Brss during the erly prt of Februry, At tht time peritheci were noted to be plentiful nd leves were brought into the lbortory. On Februry 19, mture scospores were dischrged from the leves. No further observtions were mde in tht yer. On Februry 25, 1916, Professor Brss plced glss slides for 24 hours over six old scbby pple leves nd four scbby per leves in the (4) Clinton, G. P. Apple Scb. Univ. of ll. Exp. Ste. 11. Bul. 67. (5)Morse, W. J. Sprying Experiments end Apple Diseses. Mine Exp. St. 1915, But. 252.

11 11 field nd found tht scospores were ejected in ll cses lthough not in bundnce. On April 13, 1916, Mr. Posey tested severl leves of both pple nd per, finding bundnt ejection of scospores from ll. On My , Mr. Posey gin gthered pple nd per leves nd reported tht gret number of scospores were being shot from the pple leves, lthough none could be observed in the cse of per leves. No lter observtions were mde t Corvllis during the reminder of the seson. These investigtors, however, demonstrted tht beginning with the end of Februry scospore ejection extended over period of t lest three months with probbility tht it continued even longer. CONCLUSONS Mture scospores were first ejected t Hood River on Mrch 2, At Corvllis, Oregon, this ctivity ws first noted on Februry 25. n both loclities pple trees were lrgely dormnt. The lst ejection of scospores occurred t Hood River on June 27. At Corvllis bundnt dischrge ws observed s lte s My 2, fter which dte no exmintions were mde. The study of scospore dischrge demonstrtes beyond doubt tht the delyed-dormnt ppliction given while the leves re smll nd undeveloped (See Fig. 2) cnnot be sfely dispensed with in the Hood River nd Willmette Vlleys, t lest since the ejection of scospores begins before the folige hs even strted. This would probbly lso hold true in ll sections of Western Oregon nd Wshington, including the White Slmon Vlley. t is not t ll unlikely tht other sections could lso be included except for our present limited knowledge. Owing to the gret length of scospore ctivity, orchrdists re not sfe in omitting ny one of the lter spring sprys even though conidil infections were not present, for fer of infections from the primry source. n 1916 long period existed during which infections could originte from both scospores nd conidi. t is the belief of the writer tht much cn be lerned in other sections of the country reltive to erly scospore dischrge, nd tht if n nnul study were mde to determine the erliest period of ejection, recommendtions might often be issued by plnt pthologists which would prevent some of the serious outbreks tht now occsionlly occur in some sections, in spite of the usully recommended pplictions of spry. The uthor is indebted to Fi-ofessor Brss, Plnt Pthologist; Mr. Poesy, former Reserch Assistnt of the Oregon Experiment Sttion; nd to Mr.,J. R. Winston, former Pthologist of the Hood River Sttion, for the use of their notes reltive to the scospore ctivity of this fungus. Professor Brss hss lso offered mny suggetions tht hve ssisted in the investigtion s well s the preprtion of this pper.

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