Current studies on Fusarium dieback
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1 Current studies on Fusarium dieback Akif Eskalen 1, R. Stouthamer 2, P. Rugman-Jones 2, S. Lynch 1, T, Paine 2, Michele-Eatough Jones 2, Chris Hanlon 2, J. Morse 2, F.Byrne 2, T. Coleman 3, J. Kabashima 4, M. Dimson 4, T. Thibault 5, D. Bery 5, S. Drill 6., F. McDonogh 7, J. Mayorquin 1, F. Na 1, K. Sugino 1, J. Carrillo 1, S. Feirer 7, D. Grosman 8, A. Hope 9, 1 Plant Pathology and Microbiology, UC Riverside, 2 Entomology, UC Riverside, 3 USDA Forest Service, 4 UCCE Orange County, 5 Huntington Botanical Garden, 6 UCCE Los Angeles County, 7 UC ANR, 8 Arborjet, 9 Mauget
2 Situation in California First detected in CA in 2003 in Whittier Narrows Since then caught a couple of times in CDFA traps in LA County Caused death of large number of Box Elder street trees in Long Beach in 2010 Problem was not recognized until 2012 when we found it on a backyard avocado tree
3 Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Euwallaceae sp.) Female 2.5 mm (0.1 inch) long Male 1.5 mm (0.05 inch) long
4 Beetle Life Cycle and Reproduction Sex ratio of offspring female biased Brothers mate with sisters in galleries Mated females leave the galleries to create their own galleries Female can fly, male usually stay in the gallery
5 Symbiotic Relationship of beetle-fungus Fusarium euwallaceae Female Mycangia Graphium euwallaceae Male Acremonium pembeum
6 Fungal Pathogens Transmitted by PSHB and KSHB Los Angeles Co Orange Co San Bernardino Co Riverside Co Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer PSHB Euwallacea sp. 1 Fusarium euwallaceae Graphium euwallaceae Acremonium pembeum San Diego Co Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer KSHB Euwallacea sp. 5 Fusarium sp. Graphium sp.
7 Fusarium dieback caused by fungal pathogens
8 Branch Dieback and Tree Wilt Box Elder Coast Live Oak
9 Internal Symptoms Box elder (Acer negundo)
10 Current distribution of infestation
11 Host Range FD/PSHB Tree Species Attacked by Beetle Tree Species Infected by Fungus Agricultural Crops California Native Tree Species Number of Tree Families Number of Reproductive Hosts Avocado (Persea americana)* 2. Persimmon (Diospyros spp.) 3. Olive (Olea europea) 4. Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) 5. Eastern mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) 6. Hazelnut (Corylus colurna) 7. Loguat (Eriobotrya japonica) 8. Peach (Prunus persica) 9. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) 10. Citrus (Citrus cinensis) 11. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) 12. Japanese Persimmon (Diospyros lycidioides) 13. Japanese crabapple (Malus floribunda) Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S.C., Rugman-Jones, P., Twizeyimana, M., Gonzalez, A., Thibault, T Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California. Plant Disease.In 97:7,
12 Host Range FD/PSHB Tree Species Attacked by Beetle Tree Species Infected by Fungus Agricultural Crops California Native Tree Species Number of Tree Families Number of Reproductive Hosts California box elder (Acer negundo) 2. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) 3. California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) 4. Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) 5. Red Willow (Salix laevigata) 6. Valley oak (Quercus lobata) 7. Blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum) 8. Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii) 9. White Alder (Alnus rhombifolia) 10. Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) 11. California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) 12. Desert fan palm (Washingtonia filirera) 13. California buckeye (Aesculus californica) 14. Coffee berry (Ramnus californica) 15. Velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) 16. Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) 17. California ash (Fraxinus dipetala) 18. Gooding s black willow (Salix gooddingii) Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S.C., Rugman-Jones, P., Twizeyimana, M., Gonzalez, A., Thibault, T Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California. Plant Disease.In 97:7,
13 Host Range FD/PSHB Tree Species Attacked by Beetle Tree Species Infected by Fungus Agricultural Crops California Native Tree Species Number of Tree Families Number of Reproductive Hosts Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S.C., Rugman-Jones, P., Twizeyimana, M., Gonzalez, A., Thibault, T Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California. Plant Disease.In 97:7, Box elder (Acer negundo) * 2.Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllium)* 3. Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii) 4. Trident maple (Acer buergerianum) 5. Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) 6. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) 7. California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) * 8. Red willow (Salix laevigata) * 9. Avocado (Persea americana) 10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) 11. English Oak (Quercus robur) 12. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)* 13. London plane (Platanus x acerfolia) 14.Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)* 15. White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)* 16.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus) 17. Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii))* 18. Cork Oak (Quecus suber) 19. Valley oak (Quercus lobata) * 20. Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon) 21. Blue palo verde (Cercidium aculeata) * 22. Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) 23. Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) 24. Brea (Cercidium sonorae) 25. Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)* 26. Weeping willow (Salix babylonica) 27. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) 28. Camelia (Camellia semiserrata) 29. Acacia (Acacia spp.) 30. Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) 31. Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia) 32. Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) 33.Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)* 34. Goodding s black willow (Salix gooddingii) 35. Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii)* 36. Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima) 37. Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) 38. Black mission fig (Ficus carica)
14 Damage (by July 2015) Location Data Source Trees Infested Trees Removed LA Basin Eskalen Lab 978 not known OC Parks UC Irvine J. Kabashima & M. Dimson M. Deines & R. Demerjian 1, , City of Pasadena D. Barar not known 75 Huntington Botanical Garden T. Thibault & D. Berry 1, LA Arboretum F. McDonough Sycuan Golf Course T. Maldonado & J. Park Avocado Groves (19 infested) Eskalen Lab 1,234 0
15 Control Strategies Beetle Fungus (Food + Pathogen) Pathogen Fusarium Dieback Disease Control
16 Control Options Cultural / Sanitation Tree removal Pruning infested branches Pruning wound protection Chipping, Solarization/ fumigation Restrict firewood movement Chemical Beetle and/or Fungal Symbionts Trunk sprays Systemic-Soil injection/drench, trunk injection Biocontrol Attract & Kill Traps Natural Enemies Use of Entomopathogen Fungi Use of Endophytic bacteria and/or fungi Lure and Pesticides
17 Field Pesticides Trials on Sycamore in UCI and OC Parks Location Treatment Treatment Type Application Method Replications UC Irvine Bacillus subtilis Biological Spray Bifenthrin Insecticide Spray Metconazole + Bifenthrin + Emamectin benzoate Fungicide + Insecticide Propiconazole Fungicide Injection Propiconazole + Emamectin benzoate Fungicide + Insecticide Injection Tebuconazole Fungicide Injection Tebuconazole + Bifenthrin Spray + Injection Fungicide + Insecticide Spray + Injection Metconazole Fungicide Spray Emamectin benzoate Insecticide Injection Tebuconazole + Emamectin benzoate Fungicide + Insecticide Injection Untreated control trees OC Parks Thiabendazole Fungicide Injection Bacillus subtilis Biological Spray Debacarb + Carbendazim Fungicide Injection Bifenthrin Insecticide Spray Propiconazole Fungicide Injection Propiconazole + Emamectin benzoate Fungicide + Insecticide Injection Tebuconazole Fungicide Injection Metconazole Fungicide Spray Emamectin benzoate Insecticide Injection Untreated control trees
18 Field Pesticides Trials on Sycamore in UCI and OC Parks Chem-Jet Injection Backpack Spray Collaborators : Tim Paine, Michele-Eatough Jones, Chris Hanlon, Joey Mayorquin (UCR), John Kabashima, Monica Dimson (UCCE), Don Grosmas (Arborjet), Ann Hope (Mauget), Paul Webb, Kevin Holman (RPW Services) Richard Demerjian, Matt Deines, K.M Yoshino (UCI).
19 Field Pesticides Trials on Sycamore in UCI and OC Parks Tree IV injection system Quick-Jet Air injection system Collaborators : Tim Paine, Michele-Eatough Jones, Chris Hanlon, Joey Mayorquin (UCR), John Kabashima, Monica Dimson (UCCE), Don Grosmas (Arborjet), Ann Hope (Mauget), Paul Webb, Kevin Holman (RPW Services) Richard Demerjian, Matt Deines, K.M Yoshino (UCI).
20 Field Pesticides Trials on Sycamore in UCI and OC Parks Drilled 3 -deep holes into the wood in every 6 of tree trunk Placed injection plugs in each hole Collaborators : Tim Paine, Michele-Eatough Jones, Chris Hanlon, Joey Mayorquin (UCR), John Kabashima, Monica Dimson (UCCE), Don Grosmas (Arborjet), Ann Hope (Mauget), Paul Webb, Kevin Holman (RPW Services) Richard Demerjian, Matt Deines, K.M Yoshino (UCI).
21 Marking current entry holes of the beetle 3 ft
22 Using new 3D printed monitoring traps for the pesticides trial Dan Berry (Huntington), Richard Stouthamer and Roger Selby (UCR)
23 Compromised wood tissue on a PSHB/FD infested Sycamore in UCI 18 meter (60 feet)
24 Infested Sycamore tree in UCI 24 60cm 7 18cm Infestation in main trunk Infestation in branches
25 Botryosphaeria infestation on PSHB infested Sycamore tree in UCI Infestation in main trunk Fusarium euwallaceae Neofusicoccum parvum Infestation in branches
26 Maximum Likelihood tree derived from analysis of ITS rdna sequences using Kimura 2-parameter model for fungal species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family 78 UCI3375 PLRA N.mediterraneum KP N.mediterraneum KF N.mediterraneum GU N.mediterraneum GU N.mediterraneum JN N.mediterraneum HM N.mediterraneum KJ N.parvum KJ N.parvum KF N.parvum KJ N.parvum KJ N.parvum KJ N.parvum KJ N.parvum KJ N.parvum KF N.parvum KF N.parvum UCI3373 PLRA N.parvum 95 UCI3372 PLRA N.parvum UCI3371 PLRA N.parvum UCI3370 PLRA N.parvum UCI3369 PLRA N.parvum UCI3368 PLRA N.parvum UCI3366 PLRA N.parvum UCI3367 PLRA N.parvum JQ N.parvum HQ N.parvum JQ N.parvum JQ N.parvum GQ N.parvum GQ N.parvum KJ N.luteum KJ N.luteum KJ N.luteum KJ N.luteum 99 JX N.luteum JX N.luteum JX N.luteum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum mediterraneum 0.002
27 Biocontrol Studies
28 Use of antagonistic endophytic bacteria to control symbiotic fungi No Inhibition Inhibition 28
29 Field trial with entomopathogenic fungus (Beauvaria bassiana) using foam product on avocado and sycamore Christopher Dunlap, Robert Behle, Alejandro Rooney, Joseph Carrillo (UCR), John Kabashima (UCCE), Paul Webb, Kevin Holman (RPW Services), Jim Deaver (Henry Avocado)
30 Beauveria bassiana from dead beetle
31 Field trial on Sycamore
32 Entomopathogenic fungus with foam application on Sycamore
33 Collaborators California Avocado Commission US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service UC Irvine OC Parks California Landscape Contractors Association USDA Farm Bill Arborjet Mauget Cathy Nowak, OC Parks Bill Kirk, OC Parks Richard Demerjian, UC Rivine Matt Deines, UC Irvine Janis Gonzales, UCCE San Diego Jim Folsom, Huntington Botanical Garden Philippe Rolshausen, UC Riverside Jiri Hulcr, Univ. of Florida Kerry O Donnell, NCUR-ARS-USDA Ben Faber, Farm Advisor, Ventura County, CA Gary Bender, Farm Advisor, San Diego County, CA Mary Lu Arpaia, UC Riverside Marc Gomez, UC Irvine Kay Yoshino, UC Irvine James Hoppe, UC Irvine Robert Windell, UC Irvine Zvi Mendel, Volcani Center, Israel Stanley Freeman, Volcani Center, Israel Phil Cannon, USDA Forest Service Kim Corella, Cal Fire Tom Smith, Cal Fire
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