FINAL REPORT- Part 1 & Part 2
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1 FINAL REPORT- Part 1 & Part 2 Customer Name Customer Address Contact Shaw Industries Group Inc 1010 VD Parrott Jr Pkwy, Dalton, GA 10722, USA Paul Murray Sample Description Carpet Number of Samples 9 Commencement Date Project Number November, 2010 ASCR Report Date April 2012 ASCR
2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Test Item Description: 3 Introduction: 4 Procedure: 5 Part I: Allergen Testing 5 Part II: Bioaerosol Testing: 6 Part I Conclusion (Carpets 1-6)- ATD 8 Part II Conclusion- (Carpets 1-6)- Bioaerosols 9 Conclusion -Carpets 7 & 8 10 Overall Conclusion 11 Appendix I-A: Quick Reference Tables for Part I 12 Appendix I-B: Part I Particle Count Graphs 13 Appendix I-C: Part I Surface Allergen Graphs Appendix I-D: Part I Airborne Allergen Graphs 44 Appendix II-A: Quick Reference Tables for Part II 69 Appendix II-B: Part II Particle Count Graphs 70 Appendix II-C: Part II Bioaerosol Graphs 77 ASCR
3 Test Item Description: The following samples were received from Shaw Industries Group Inc: Sample No. Flooring type Description Hard Floor 1 Hard Floor Epic Hardwood, style: Symphonic 5 color #774 Red Oak Natural Carpet 1 Carpet Nylon 6 Carpet 2 Carpet Nylon 6 Carpet 3 Carpet Unbranded N6 Broadloom, Full of Life style #52N09. Face weight ~25oz/yd Carpet 4 Carpet ANSO Broadloom (medium pile height): Style: Anso nylon textured cut pile (low, tight and dense construction) called Sandy Hollow I, style # Q4273. Face weight is approximately 40 oz./yd. Carpet 5 Carpet ANSO Broadloom (high/shaggy pile height): Style: Anso nylon cut pile in a loose, high pile (shag) construction called Design Statement, style # Q3978. Face weight is approximately 50 oz./yd. Carpet 6 Carpet BCF PET Broadloom: Style: QS050, High twist, high pile 38 oz. Carpet 7 Carpet Unbranded N6 Broadloom, Full of Life style #52N09. Face weight ~25oz/yd. WITHOUT R2X Carpet 8 Carpet Unbranded N6 Broadloom, Full of Life style #52N09. Face weight ~25oz/yd. WITH R2X ASCR
4 Introduction: Many medical, educational and patient bodies have arrived at the general conclusion that carpets in the home represent a health hazard to individuals and in particular those with asthma and allergic diseases. The body of work to be performed by ASC intends to provide to Shaw the definitive scientific data to be able to evaluate this standpoint. As has been discussed with Shaw, those bodies mentioned above, and the scientific community at large, would require incontrovertible, basic scientific and clinical evidence that properly maintained carpeting in the home of an asthmatic/allergic individual does not represent a risk factor for disease. This requires that the testing performed is of the highest quality, particularly where test performance, analysis and interpretation are concerned. The commissioning of an environmental test chamber plays a central role in this. The chamber that has been built at ASC s test facilities is to American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications with upgrades to allow for complete control over all environmental parameters. Flooring coverings were received from Shaw Industries Group Inc. in 2010 and Samples were stored as delivered until required for testing. Carpets were cut to size, and prior to installation and testing all carpets were vacuumed as per IEC60312, i.e. to ensure an excess of fibre did not remain on the carpet, they were vacuumed until the fibre being removed was <0.1g/m 2. A further element was agreed with Shaw following review of all data obtained from study of the original six carpets. Given the presence of R2X treatment on some of the carpets, it was felt necessary to determine whether this modality was impacting particle retention by individual carpets. An addendum to the study was agreed to address this question (see Carpets 7 and 8 above). ASCR
5 Procedure: Test Chamber Each of the nine floor types (Hard Floor 1 and carpets 1-8) were individually tested in the 28.5m 3 Environmental Test Chamber which had a floor area of 11.4 m 2. Each floor type was laid so it completely covered the chamber floor. Test Protocols Part I (Allergen Testing) and Part II (Bioaerosol Testing) were conducted at 21 C ±3 C, 55% ±5% relative humidity (RH) with an air exchange rate of 1.0/hour. The flooring was allowed to equilibrate overnight under these conditions before testing commenced. During natural decay, room disturbance and cleaning, serial airborne particle counts, surface and airborne allergen/bioaerosol measurements were undertaken for each floor type. See Part I and Part II Test Protocols below. Part I: Allergen Testing Allergen Test dust (ATD) of known composition, containing Cat allergen; Fel d1, House Dust Mite Allergen; Der p1 and Pollen; Phl p5 (Code TD104) was introduced into the chamber via an entry port using compressed >50psi. The ATD was distributed using a mounted ceiling fan. 12g of ATD was introduced at each of 4 introductions over 2 days giving a final ATD concentration of 4g/m 2. See Part I Test Protocol below for the testing outline. Sampling Methodologies Airborne particles ranging in size from 0.3 to 3ßm were counted using a CLIMET laser diffraction particle counter. Background particle counts were taken at the start of each day. Particle counts were then taken at each stage of the Part 1 Test Protocol shown below. Surface allergen samples (0.25m 2 ) were taken in duplicate using mitest TM filters after each stage of the Part 1 Test Protocol. Samples were analysed for Der p1, Fel d1 and Phl p5 by allergen-specific ELISA. Airborne allergen samples were collected onto filter cassettes (at 0.75m and 1.5m heights) using Side Kick pumps (2L/min) during each stage of the Part 1 Test Protocol. Samples were analysed for Der p1 and Fel d1 by augmented ELISA. ASCR
6 Part I Test Protocol The testing proceeded in the following manner: Day 1 & 2: ATD Introduc3on x 4 (#1-4) Day 3 Room Disturbance x 3 (#1-3) Day 3 & 4 Vacuuming x 3 (#1-3) & Room Disturbance x3 (#4-6) Day 5 Steam Cleaning x2 (#1-2) & Room Disturbance x 2 (#7-8) Appendix 1A is a quick reference guide to show the performance of each carpet at each testing stage. Part I test results are outlined in Appendix I of this report for Hard Floor and Carpets 1-6. Part I test results are outlined in Appendix III of this report for Carpets 7&8. The results relate to particle, airborne and surface allergen data. Part II: Bioaerosol Testing: After Part I testing was completed, the eight carpets were steam cleaned, allowed to dry and stored until required. An identical hard floor was supplied by Shaw for this part of the project, as it was not possible to re-use the initial hard floor. For Bioaerosol Testing, carpets were laid in the test chamber as before and the chamber was operated under the same conditions as for part 1 testing. During natural decay, room disturbance and cleaning, serial airborne particle counts, surface and airborne bioaerosol measurements were undertaken for each floor type. See Part II Test Protocol below for the testing outline. ASCR
7 Bioaerosols 1. Bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, a universal human skin contaminant, was aerosolized into the chamber via a Collision Jet nebuliser, attached to a compressor set at 20psi, which was located outside the chamber. After 20min, aerosolisation of the bacteria was complete. 2. Viruses MS2 coliphage, a surrogate for human respiratory viruses, was aerosolized into the chamber via a Collision Jet nebuliser, attached to a compressor set at 20psi, which was located outside the chamber. After 20min, aerosolisation of the virus was complete. 3. Fungi Dry Aspergillus niger spores, a common airborne fungus, mixed with ISO Fine Dust were aerosolized into the chamber under >50psi pressure. The bioaerosols were distributed in the chamber using a mounted ceiling fan. Sampling Methodologies Particle counting, using a laser diffraction particle counter, was performed at all stages of testing, as outlined in Part II Test Protocol below. Particle counts in the size range of 0.3 to 3ßm were recorded. Background counts were taken at the start of each day prior to bioaerosol introduction and room disturbance. Air samples were collected for 5min duration onto a biostage impactor, operated under vacuum at 28.5L/min at each of the test stages of the Part II Test Protocol below. The air samples were collected onto 2 selective agars specifically for the growth of A.niger and S.epidermidis. Air samples were collected into sample buffer with an SKC Biosampler, operated under vacuum at 12.5L/min, and analysed for MS2 coliphage. Sampling duration was 30min per SKC sample. ASCR
8 Part II Test Protocol The testing proceeded in the following manner: Day 1: Bioaerosol Introduc4on x 2 (#1-2) Day 1: Room Disturbance x 2 (#1-2) Day 2 Bioaerosol Introduc4on x 2 (#3-4) Day 2 Room Disturbance x 2 (#3-4) Day 3 Steam Clean x 1 (#1) & Room Disturbance x 1 (#5) Appendix IIA is a quick reference guide to show the performance of each carpet at each testing stage Part II test results are outlined in Appendix II of this report for Hard Floor 1 and Carpets 1-6. Part II test results are outlined in Appendix IV of this report for Carpets 7 & 8. The results relate to particle counts, surface and airborne bioaerosol recovery data. Part I Conclusion (Carpets 1-6)- ATD Test dust introduction µ Particle sizes relevant in an allergen bearing sense (1ßm and >3.02ßm) became airborne to the greatest extent on Hard Floor 1, they became airborne in the carpet samples to a significantly lesser extent µ Carpet 3 consistently showed the lowest levels of particles in the air µ Carpets 4-6 provided difficulty in recovery of surface allergen, probably associated with pile height dimension ASCR
9 Room disturbance µ Airborne allergen measurements were greater during room disturbance for Hard Floor 1, Carpets 1, 2 and 4 at particle sizes of 1ßm and >3.02ßm µ Surface allergen appeared to be driven into Carpet 3 following room disturbance, hence lower levels of airborne allergen were detected µ Carpet 4 and 6 released allergen into the air following room disturbance Vacuuming and Room Disturbance µ Vacuuming exaggerated the differences observed between airborne allergen levels for hard floor versus carpet 3, in particular µ Successive vacuuming brought particle counts down to almost baseline levels for the hard floor µ The same trend was seen for the Carpets, but to a lesser extent µ Carpet 3 showed increasing amounts of surface allergen as vacuuming progressed, which was likely to be due to allergen particles previously driven in, being slowly released µ Vacuuming appeared to be effective at removing surface allergen from Carpets 4-6. Steam Cleaning and Room Disturbance µ The pressure of steam applied to the carpets resulted in a peak in particle counts for all carpets tested, with counts remaining elevated for Carpet 2, 4 and 6 µ Steam Cleaning was most effective on Carpets 1, 3 and 5 and least effective on Carpet 2 µ Steam cleaning appeared to be an effective addition to vacuum cleaning in terms of allergen removal Part II Conclusion- (Carpets 1-6)- Bioaerosols Bioaerosol Introduction and Room Disturbances µ There was no appreciable difference between particle counts associated with bioaerosol introduction for any of the floorings. This finding is unsurprising in view of particle sizes. µ Room disturbance does show some differences for hard floor and certain carpets, again hard floor is greatest followed by carpet 1, with carpets 5, 2 and 3 being lowest. Airborne Microorganisms ASCR
10 µ There is no evidence that room disturbance-associated airborne microorganism levels are greater for carpets than for hard floor. Indeed some carpets appear to be associated with lower levels under such circumstances. Conclusion -Carpets 7 & 8 Allergen Test Dust (ATD) Introduction: µ Any differences observed between Carpet 7 (without R2X) and Carpet 8 (with R2X) were not significant. Room Disturbance µ Once again Carpet 3 gives rise to very low particle counts during and after room disturbance. This is evident with and without R2X treatment. Vacuuming and Room Disturbance µ During vacuuming, the carpet without R2X (carpet 7) performed even better than that with R2X (carpet 8) on the first 2 vacuuming procedures. µ Carpet 8 with R2X, was better on the third vacuuming procedure. µ The initial rise in small particle coinciding with the vacuum cleaner being turned on is likely to be motor emissions. µ The data for room disturbance is consistently very good with and without R2X. µ These observations also apply to steam cleaning. Surface and Airborne Allergen µ Surface allergen was very low for both carpets 7 and 8 after vacuuming and steam cleaning. Both procedures are highly effective with and without R2X. µ Airborne allergen is low for both carpets for up to 2 hours after ATD introduction and also following room disturbance, vacuuming and steam cleaning. In summary, Carpet 3, (100% Nylon, medium pile height, broadloom) is once again highly effective at trapping allergen particles and is associated with low levels of exposure via the airborne route. It also appears that vacuuming and steam cleaning have a significant effect. R2X treatment does not appear to be the reason why this carpet functions so well. Bioaerosol data (Part II) further confirms the absence of a consistent R2X effect. ASCR
11 Overall Conclusion Our chamber studies indicate that different floor coverings have a significant impact on airborne particle concentration. In general, airborne particle concentrations were lower with carpet as opposed to the hard floor. This difference was also shown to be dependent on the ability of the carpets to trap and retain particles from the air. The pile height and carpet fibre composition seemed to influence the particle retention capacity of the carpets. The possibility that there are other physical factors e.g. charge will need to be considered. Carpet 3, a 100% nylon medium pile height broadloom carpet, consistently performed best in terms of low levels of airborne allergen and bioaerosol detected throughout the study. This carpet acted as a reservoir for allergen resulting in increased surface allergen levels, yet reduced airborne exposures during room disturbance. Airborne allergen levels also remained low for carpet 3 during vacuuming and steam cleaning. This particle retention effect was mirrored to an extent with bioaerosols in the case of carpet 3. The data for Carpet 3 provides the possibility of submitting a provisional standard to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) relating to the possibility of particular carpet designs being certifiable as asthma & allergy friendly. Prior to such a submission, it will be necessary to demonstrate that such carpets can be effectively cleaned, thereby removing the dust reservoir which has accumulated over time. Report compiled by: Angela Southey, PhD Technical Manager Maire Fox MSc Laboratory Manager ASCR
12 Appendix I-A: Quick Reference Tables for Part I Legend: GOOD PERFORMANCE POOR PERFORMANCE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE Particle Counts: Test Dust Introduction Room Disturbance Vacuuming & Room Disturbance Steam Cleaning & Room Disturbance Hard Floor Carpet 1 Carpet 2 Carpet 3 Carpet 4 Carpet 5 Carpet 6 Surface Allergen: Test Dust Introduction Room Disturbance Vacuuming & Room Disturbance Steam Cleaning & Room Disturbance Hard Floor Carpet 1 Carpet 2 Carpet 3 Carpet 4 Carpet 5 Carpet 6 N/A N/A Airborne Allergen Test Dust Introduction Room Disturbance Vacuuming & Room Disturbance Steam Cleaning & Room Disturbance Hard Floor Carpet 1 Carpet 2 Carpet 3 Carpet 4 Carpet 5 Carpet 6 ASCR
13 Appendix I-B: Part I Particle Count Graphs Hard Floor 1 Carpets 1-6 Legends Fel d 1 cat allergen ASCR
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42 Appendix I-C: Part I Surface Allergen Graphs ASCR
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44 Appendix I-D: Part I Airborne Allergen Graphs Airborne Allergen Hard Floor 1 - Airborne allergen levels obtained a4er ATD Introduc:on ASCR
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50 Carpet 6 - Airborne allergen levels obtained a4er ATD Introduc:on ASCR
51 Hard Floor 1 - Airborne allergen levels obtained a4er Room Disturbance ASCR
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58 Hard Floor 1 - Airborne allergen levels obtained a8er Vacuuming and Room Disturbance ASCR
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69 Appendix II-A: Quick Reference Tables for Part II Legend: GOOD PERFORMANCE POOR PERFORMANCE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE Particle Counts: Bioaerosol Introduction Hard Floor Carpet 1 Carpet 2 Carpet 3 Carpet 4 Carpet 5 Carpet 6 Room Disturbance Airborne Bioaerosol: Bioaerosol Introduction Hard Floor Carpet 1 Carpet 2 Carpet 3 Carpet 4 Carpet 5 Carpet 6 Room Disturbance ASCR
70 Appendix II-B: Part II Particle Count Graphs Graphs of Particle Counts during Bioaerosol Introduction and Room Disturbance for Hard Floor and Carpets 1-6 Important Note for y-axes: For Graphs No : The Particle count data (per m 3 ) are divided by 10 6 for the purposes of representation. Therefore, the actual numerical counts are 6 orders of magnitude greater than that displayed on the graph. For Graphs No : Particle count data (per m 3 ) are divided by 10 5 for the purposes of representation. Therefore, the actual numerical counts are 5 orders of magnitude greater than that displayed on the graph. ASCR
71 Particle Counts x 10 6 during Bioaerosol Introduction Hardfloor, Carpet 1, Carpet 2 and Carpet ASCR
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77 Appendix II-C: Part II Bioaerosol Graphs Recovery of A.niger, S. epidermidis and MS2 coliphage during Bioaerosol Introduction and Room Disturbance for Hard Floor and Carpets 1-6 Important Note for y-axes: The recovery of A.niger and S. epidermidis from the air are expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per m 3 The recovery of MS2 coliphage is expressed, on separate graphs, as plaque forming units (PFU) x 10 3 per m 3. The PFU are divided by 10 3 for the purposes of representation, therefore the actual numerical values are 3 orders of magnitude greater than that displayed on these graphs. ASCR
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