Dr Toni Gladding Open University

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1 Composting and Bioaerosols Dr Toni Gladding Open University

2 Some Environmental Impacts of Composting Odour Bioaerosols Litter Visual Impact Noise Distance to sensitive receptors Leachate and Liquor

3 Possible Sensitive Receptors any building, structure or installation, in which at least one person normally lives or works, other than a building, structure or installation within the same ownership/control as the operator. houses and residents (edge of property) trade premises, factories crops and livestock public footpaths other amenities

4 Particulates in Compost Handling Contaminant Particulate Matter and Dust Minerals Fibres Microorganisms/ Bioaerosols Heavy Metals Sub-divisions Total, PM 10,, PM 2.5 (inhalable, respirable) Quartz, silica Asbestos, Man Made Mineral Fibres Viable/non-viable (total), pathogens, viruses, toxic components e.g. endotoxin, glucan Lead, cadmium, mercury also copper, aluminium, iron, zinc

5 What are bioaerosols? Micro-organisms: organisms: microscopic organisms capable of living on their own natural!! Bioaerosol: Micro-organisms and/or other tiny biological particles suspended in the air (nb: viable and total) Bacteria: group of micro-organisms with primitive cellular structure Fungi: more complicated, genetic material contained within a nucleus

6 What are bioaerosols (cont)? Spore: Term for describing a bacterial/ fungal cell that is in a dormant form Ati Actinomycete: t Specific group of fbacteria capable of forming very small spores Pathogen: Causes disease via infection Endotoxin: Found in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria Glucan: Found in cell wall of fungi (β 1-3glucan)

7 Bioaerosols: Endotoxin Toxic Heat stable Immunogenic Released in cell growth and when cells die

8 Bioaerosols: Glucan Gl can Polyglucose compound, also in some bacteria/plants

9 Bioaerosols: Transport Particles >10 µm filtered by hairs in nose Particles < 10 µm carried into lungs Particles < 5 µm can enter the alveoli (air sacs where gases are exchanged)

10 How exposure happens

11 Pathways of Exposure inhalation breathing of dusts via nose or mouth ingestion eating or swallowing following deposition on skin absorption through skinorviatheeyes (directly or via contaminated surfaces/clothing) contact with the surface of the skin or eyes injection by high pressure equipment or contaminated sharp objects

12 Health effects associated with bioaerosols Infection: Caused by pathogens capable of invading body tissues and growing Opportunistic e.g. Aspergillus fumigatus in Immunocompromised dindividuals id Allergy: Immunological response that results in the body becoming sensitised following exposure. This could take months/years. Respiratory sensitisers (non-specific inflammatory reactions) Predisposition/atopy

13 Health effects associated with bioaerosols Hyperactive airways: inflammation on exposure (increased susceptibility to other chest illnesses) Acute ODTS: fever and flu-like symptoms, headaches, muscle pains, chest tightness 2-6 hrs after exposure (toxic alveolitis thought to be toxic not allergenic) Chronic ODTS: chronic muscle pains, tiredness, shortness of breath (Chronic bronchitis, COPD)

14 Health effects associated with bioaerosols Mucous Membrane Irritation: irritated eyes, nose and sore throat Allergic rhinitis & asthma: allergy based Chronic sinusitis: dizziness, chronic cold etc. Gastrointestinal: hygiene issues Farmer s lung, pigeon fancier s lung, mushroom worker s lung, woodworker s lung etc. etc. all linked to bioaerosol exposure (allergic alveolitis/hypersensitivity pneumonitis)

15 Lower Level Exposures? More likely to exhibit systemic effects What to look for (NOT diagnostic!!) Complaints of: Irritated eyes, nose, throat Nausea Tiredness (excessive lethargy) Flu-like symptoms (muscle aches, fever, shivering) Constant coughs and cold-like symptoms Gastrointestinal issues (stomach ache, diarrhoea etc.) NB: Is householder bothered by the smell? (Herr et al 2003)

16 Exposure Guidelines ENDOTOXIN (1-3)-B-D-GLUCAN B 200 ng/m 3 - Toxic Pneumonitis 100 ng/m 3 -Systemic Effects 10 ng/m 3 - Airways Inflammation 4.5 ng/m 3 - NOEL? Based on values for persons with ithhistories i of atopy or asthma (Rylander 1997) 50/100/200 EU/m 3 10 ng/m 3 - Airways Inflammation Viable Microorgs cfu/m 3 Occupational Limits Respirable Dust 4mg/m 3 Total Dust 10 mg/m 3 (various authors USA/EU) Based on Information by Malmros et al (1992); Wurze (1996) and Rylander (1997)

17 Aspergillus spp./aspergillosis The organism is distributed world-wide and is commonly found in soil, food, paint, air and can even grow in disinfectant 3 clinical types pulmonary aspergillosis Allergic hypersensitivity to organism Aggressive tissue invasion Fungus ball in lung and invasion of bronchus

18 Colonisation of respiratory tract Most likely to affect immunosuppressed Aspergillus spp. Mycotoxins toxic metabolites of organisms such as A. fumigatus

19 What happens in the lung Fungal granulomas in lung caused by Aspergillus fumigatus Bristol Biomedical Image Archive.

20 What determines exposure on site? Type of site, Amount of fugitive dust/particulates released, Potential contents/composition of particulates; Exposure concentration, ti duration and route Storage conditions and length of storage How material is handled Vehicle movements

21 How can you minimise the risk? What cannot be changed? Time of year, composition of biowaste Biological process itself, decomposition Geographical situation, topography and weather What t can be changed? Feedstock and storage Type of system, in open or in-vessel Timing of operations Performance of exhaust air treatment Site cleanliness, Staff knowledge and training

22 What determines exposure off-site? Local meteorological conditions; Location and distance of sensitive receptor from site (250m); Type of sensitive receptor; Exposure concentration, duration and route; Type of material on site How material is handled

23 Dust Particles & Compost Sites Particulates Downwind ug g/m /07/01 05/07/01 05/07/01 05/07/01 05/07/01 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 Time T otal Particles ug/m^3 PM10 particles ug/m^3 PM2.5 particles ug/m^3 PM1 particles ug/m^3 24 hr exposure, immunocompromised, children etc.

24 How you measure for bioaerosols

25 In the Lab Airborne fungal spores are collected onto agar plates using an impaction sampler such as, Andersen stage 1 air sampler The number of colony forming units (CFU) are counted. Fungal colonies are visible with naked eye and fungal identification is made based on macro morphology: colony color, growth rate, and textural features and microscopic morphology; spore identification using direct microscopic exam. Each fungal genera is expressed in CFU/m 3 (air).

26 Representative Sampling

27 Controlling Bioaerosols Epstein et al (2001) 60-70% moisture content Use of dust Use of dust suppression

28 We know that- Other points Bioaerosols are generated by composting Various studies have identified them as a risk factor when dealing with organic materials However they are fragile sunlight, desiccation, etc. kills them easily They are widely dispersed rapidly Heavier particles and clumps settle rapidly Largely return to background within 200m (Biofilters are very effective!)

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