Selection for Increased Marbling
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1 Seletion for Inrease Marbling Floria is primarily a ow-alf prouing state, that markets most of the alves as stokers an feeers to western feeing areas for growing an finishing in feelots an then slaughtering an proessing in nearby major meat paking plants. Feelot operators esire feeer attle that will finish uniformly with enough marbling for a quality grae that is aeptable to the Davi L. Prihar North Floria Researh an Euation Center Quiny, Floria Rik J. Rasby an Chris R. Calkins Animal Siene Department University of Nebraska Linoln, Nebraska Robert S. San an Roger L. West Animal Siene Department University of Floria Gainesville, FLoria INTRODUCTION marbling an a minimum of both outsie fat an seam fat. Floria ranhers nee to proue alves that an be Marbling, thin fleks of intramusular fat that effiiently grown an finishe to proue onsistently the enhanes beef's flavor, is the ornerstone of eliious speifiation beef esire by the inustry. When attle beef. Toay's health-onsious onsumers want flavorful, numbers inrease ylially, attle feeers an meat well-marble beef without any exess outsie fat. Most pakers are more isriminating. Calves that o not arasses toay that grae USDA Choie have too muh have esirable quality an yiel graes for speifiation external fat over. Exess waste fat must be trimme beef will be sol at a onsierable isount. Speifiation from retail beef uts an is ostly for beef onsumers, beef programs, like Certifie Angus Beef (CAB) whih proessors an prouers. is a high quality prout with strit stanars for quality (marbling), are growing rapily. CAB sol 93. million Beef prouers toay have the opportunity to take pouns of CAB value at approximately $00,000,000 avantage of superior genetis by using artifiial last year, though limite by lak of prout. This insemination an seleting bulls from National Sire provies an opportunity for Floria attle with the Summaries. Sire Summaries provie geneti insight into require geneti omposition to ompete for this growing what type of alves a partiular bull is expete proue. premium market. Only 0.% of the attle that visually Sire Summaries with arass trait Expete Progeny qualifie in 1989 met the arass requirements for Differenes (EPD's) shoul enable prouers to selet esignation as CAB. The majority of the failures were an bree attle that yiel lean, well-marble beef. for lak of aequate marbling. In 199 the qualifiation rate ha roppe to 16%. These ata learly show a nee IMPORTANCE TO FLORIDA CATTLE PRODUCERS for effiiently inreasing marbling to meet the eman of the high quality beef market (personal ommuniation CAB offie). NATIONAL FOCUS The U.S. beef inustry is rapily seeking methos to enhane operation profitability by promotion ampaigns esigne to inrease beef onsumption, an by prouing ompetitively prie prouts. Reently, it has beome retail beef trae. The major meat pakers are ritial to be onerne with the nutritive value of beef emphasizing an urgent nee for speifiation beef that is prouts, partiularly of fat an holesterol ontent, sine uniform in quality with a small to moest egree of onsumers are onerne about iet-health issues. The 1
2 reent (1991) National Beef Quality Auit ientifie as In orer for prouers to meet the eman of the two major onerns of the inustry: 1) the problem that onsumer for a lean prout an to proue beef eoexessive fat represents a waste prout an ontributes nomially an at ompetitive pries, the beef inustry to the high ost of prouing an onsuming beef, an ) must have the geneti tehnologies available for effiient insuffiient marbling in toay's attle. an preitable proution of attle. The nee to ientify sires within a bree whose progeny are preitable in Prouers often request information relative to terms of performane an exhibit esirable arass preitability of arass omposition an the availability harateristis is paramount toay. The Amerian Angus of sires whih are preitable for these arass traits, an Assoiation is one of the more progressive bree assoiathe relationship of outsie fat to the inherent ability to tions in terms of a national sire evaluation program. The marble. In orer to proue an array of beef prouts Certifie Angus Beef (CAB) program ontinues to be the that are ompetitively prie an nutritionally aeptable sales leaer in brane or speifie beef prouts. by the onsumer an at a profit to the prouer, the beef Proution an arass traits have been reore from inustry must be able to selet breeing stok apable of progeny of many Angus her sires. From the reors, prouing the esire retail prout. The variation that expete progeny ifferenes (EPD's) for important traits exists in boy omposition is vast an uner a high have been ompute for iniviual sires. Proution egree of geneti ontrol. Aurate geneti estimators of traits inlue birth weight, weaning weight iret, boy omposition within a bree, when proue uner weaning weight maternal (milk proution) an yearling efine resoure an management onitions, woul weight. Carass fat thikness over the ribeye, ribeye area allow beef prouers to utilize this information to make an egree of marbling are reore for measuring a profit while targeting their output to meet the nees of arass merit of progeny. EPD's for traits are use in speifi markets. seleting her sires to make irete hanges in proution traits an in arass traits. Use of EPD's in sire A large amount of aitive geneti variane exists seletion make it possible to selet for a single trait an for most arass traits. Geneti hange through seletion to etermine the effets of this seletion on the marketin a efine population is epenent on the geneti ability an proutivity of stoker-feeer-alves, variability foun in that population. The heritability of performane of the broo ow her an aeptability of eonomially important traits an the geneti beef arasses by pakers. Seleting for marbling, whih assoiations among these traits efine seletion programs is the prinipal eterminant of beef quality grae, is that woul be effetive for improvement of a attle essential for prouing onsistently high quality graing population. Benyshek (1981. J. Anim. Si. 53:49) arasses. Although seletion for marbling ability is alulate heritability (h ) estimates for growth an important, it is even more important to etermine how arass traits from ata on Herefor attle uner seletion for this trait affets other traits that etermine ommerial onitions. He reporte h estimates for fat operation profitability an onsumer aeptane of beef. thikness, marbling sore, retail yiel an ribeye area of.5,.47,.45 an.40, respetively, when the ata were NEBRASKA WORK ajuste to a onstant age an ays on fee. The h estimate of.5 for fat thikness appears to be in general Ongoing researh at the University of Nebraska agreement with a range of.40 to.60 reporte by Cuniff involves the evaluation of geneti resoures to proue et al. (1971. J. Anim. Si. 33:550) an Dinkel an Bush marble, lean beef (R.J. Rasby an C.R. Calkins; (1973. J. Anim. Si. 36:38). The h estimate for personal ommuniation). marbling tene to be outsie the range of estimates (.30 to.33) reporte by Cuniff et al. (1971) an Dinkel an A two year stuy was reently onution to eter- Bush (1973). The h estimate of.40 for ribeye area is mine the effet of Angus sires selete for marbling somewhat higher than the value of.5 reporte by EPD's on feelot proution traits, marbling sore, fat Dinkel an Bush (1973). Estimates of h for ribeye area istribution an palatability. Six Angus bulls with high ranging from.40 to.76 have been reporte (Cuniff et al. an six Angus bulls with low EPD's for marbling were J. Anim. Si. 3:113 an Brakelsberg et al ranomly bre to omposite ows (MARC II) over two J. Anim. Si. 33:13). years to alve in the spring. Marbling EPD ha no effet on fat thikness (P >.6) or finishing effiieny (P >.6). Over 70% of the arasses from sires with high EPD for
3 marbling grae USDA Choie versus less than 50% Marbling Her: Approximately 70 ows per year from low marbling EPD sires (Table 1). have been mate artifially to Angus bulls selete for high marbling EPD. Sires are selete on the FLORIDA WORK basis of being in the top 10% for marbling EPD an with a minimum auray value of.5 (Table 3). The Ongoing work at the North Floria Researh an objetive is to use seven bulls per year that are Euation Center (NFREC), Quiny an the Beef representative of the Angus bree in all traits an Demonstration Unit, Chipley, involves the evaluation of superior for marbling. Angus sires selete for arass quality (marbling EPD), an to etermine the effets of seletion for inrease Polle Herefor an Brahman bulls have been use marbling ability on growth traits, reproutive an as lean-up sires following the A.I. breeing season. maternal traits of their progeny. In the spring of 1990 Feelot performane an arass ata from the 1991 approximately 100 purebre Angus ows at the NFREC- (NFREC) Angus an Polle Herefor sire steers are Quiny were bre artifially to bulls selete from the presente in Table 4. Carasses from steers sire by 1990 National Angus Sire Summary base on milk, positive marbling EPD sires ha higher marbling sores ribeye area or marbling EPD's In 1991 the projet was an quality graes than those sire by negative marbling altere in orer to onentrate on the seletion for EPD sires. Feelot performane an arass yiel graes marbling within the Angus bree. Sine 1991 the Angus were not substantially affete by sires marbling EPD. owher at NFREC-Quiny has been assigne as follows: SUMMARY Control Her: Approximately 30 ows were assigne as a ontrol line. Five Angus bulls were The ability to grae hoie is beomming selete from the 1991 National Angus Sire Sum- inreasingly important in toay's attle inustry. mary that were average (0-EPD's) for marbling an National Sire Summaries whih provie arass EPD's bree average in all other traits (Table ). These offer prouers the opportunity to balane proution an five bulls will ontinue to be mate artifially to the arass traits in their seletion programs. Preliminary ontrol line throught the uration of the projet. results from Nebraska an Floria iniate that bulls selete from the National Angus Sire Summary an be use to sire progeny that possess the inherent ability to grae hoie without sarifiing yiel grae or animal performane. 3
4 TABLE 1. Effet of Sire's Marbling EPD on Proution Traits an USDA Quality an Yiel Grae (Nebraska ata). Sire Marbling EPD a,b Steers n = 131 Heifers n = 15 Low High Low High Birth wt., lb e Weaning wt., lb e Initial feelot wt., lb e Final feelot wt., lb ADG, lb./ Dry matter intake, lb./ Finishing gain/fee % USDA Choie Yiel grae a b e Sex x slaughter ate for all measurements (P >.1), thus ata were poole. 61 of initiation of feelot phase. 405 of initiation of feelot phase. Sex effet (P <.01). Marbling EPD effet (P <.01). 4
5 a TABLE. Control Line Sires (NFREC Projet) National Angus Sire Evaluation. Wean. wt. Maternal Carass Birth wt. Wean. wt. Milk Combine Yearling wt. wt. Marbling Ribeye Sire EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC Paramount Ambush RA Power Play SAF Power Fix QAS Traveler Tehama Bano a EPD seletion guielines for ontrol sires. Marbling Birth (Max.) Wean. wt. Milk Year. wt. Min. Max
6 TABLE 3. Marbling Line Sires (NFREC Projet) National Angus Sire Evaluation Wean. wt. Maternal Birth wt. Wean. wt. Milk Combine Yearling wt. Carass wt. Marbling Ribeye Sire EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC Hoff Esso SC SA Diret Drive Premier Inepenene KN R&J Justie VDAR New Tren Confeerate Finks Hoff Hi Spae SC DV Star Plus VDAR Valient Dakota Express of Ieal VDAR Reeiver
7 TABLE 4. Means for Feelot Performane an Carass Data as Affete by Sire's Marbling EPD. a b (Floria ata). a Positive Marbling EPD Negative Marbling EPD Polle Herefor Trait Sire Group, n = 16 Sire Group, n = 6 Sire Group, n = 1 Initial feelot wt., lb Final feelot wt., lb ADG, lb./ Days on fee Hot arass wt., lb Dressing % Fat over eye, in b Marbling sore Ribeye area, in KPH, % Quality Grae # USDA Choie 13/16 /6 9/1 Yiel Grae WBS, lb Positive Marbling Group: mean sire marbling EPD =.11; mean sire ribeye EPD =.7. Negative Marbling Group: mean sire marbling EPD = -.13; mean sire ribeye EPD =.9. Marbling Sore: 300 = slight; 400 = small; 500 = moest. Quality Grae: 700 = Prime; 600 = Choie; 500 = Selet. 7
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