Nonspecific Host Resistance. Counter attack (Specific Host Resistance) A. Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance (Page 362)
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1 Pages Nonspecific Host Resistance 1. Introduction A. Resistance i. Resistance by defense Resistance by alliance Counter attack (Specific Host Resistance) B. Susceptibility 2. Resistance A. Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance (Page 362) B. Specific (Adaptive) Resistance (Page 362) Also See Handout i. Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Antibodies 3. First Line of Defense (Page 363) A. Physical Factors i. Intact Skin (Page 364) a. Epidermis Keratin Fungal Infections (I.e., Athletes Foot) b. Dermis Page 1
2 Mucous Membranes (Page 364) a. Mucous b. Cilia (p. 454) Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia Nasal Hairs a. Primary Function (as mentioned in lecture) iv. Flushing of Urogenetal Tract B. Chemical Barriers i. Lysozyme a. Tears. Saliva, and mucous b. Lacrimal Apparatus Page 2
3 Acid (Page 365) a. Stomach Acid Helicobacter pylori Toxins of Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus b. Sebum Unsaturated Fatty Acids c. Normal Bacterial Flora Acid Production d. Normal Vaginal Flora and Vaginal Acidity Lactobacillus acidophilus iv. Cerumen Sweat a. Lysozome b. Salt and effects Page 3
4 v. Urine C. Normal Bacterial Flora mutualistic relationships (Pages 365) i Growth Factors Competitive Exclusion Alteration of Environment a. Candida albicans 3. Second Line of Defense A. Blood Cell Overview (Pages ) See also Handout i Hematopoietic Stem Cells Hematopoiesis B. Nonspecific Phagocytosis i. Types of Cells a. Granulocytes Basophils * Histamine Neutrophils (Page 368) * First Responders Page 4
5 Eosinophils (Page 368) * Parasitic Helminth Infections b. Agranulocytes Monocytes! Macrophages * Fixed Macrophages * Wandering Macrophages Lymphocytes * Specific Host Immune Response 4. Cell Communication (Pages ) A. Surface Receptors (Page 369) i. Surface Receptors iv. Ligand Cytokines Colony Stimulating Factors v. Interferons (see Handout) vi. Interlukins B. Complement System (Page ) See Handout Page 5
6 i. Pathways a. Classical Pathway b. Alternate Pathway Outcomes a. Enhanced Phagocytosis Opsonization b. Enhanced Inflammation c. Lysis 5. Phagocytosis and the Inflammatory Response (See Handout) a. Positive Chemotaxis e. Lysosome b. Adhesion f. Phagolysosome c. Pseudopods g. Residual Body d. Phagosome h. Exocytosis Page 6
7 Lysosome Phagolysosome Phagosome 1. Pseudopodia form around food Exocytosis Phagocytic Hindrances a. M protein of Stretptococcus pyogenes b. Capsules Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae type b c. Fimbriae Bordatella pertussus d. Disruption of phagolysosome Listeria monocytogenes d. Escape from phagolysosome Rickettsia Page 7
8 6. Inflammation (Pages ) i. Types of Inflammation a. Acute b. Chronic C. Inflammatory Process i. Stabilization of Wound a. An initial break damages dermal blood vessels and inserts microorganisms b. Reflexive vasoconstriction reduces blood flow c. Platelets come in contact with collagen fibers and induce clotting d. Clot forms are further reduces blood lose and isolates bacterial Inflammatory response a. Mast cells and Basophile secrete histamine b. Histamine induces vasodilatoin of undamaged blood vessels. Other substances, such a kinins, prostaglandins and Leukotriens will enhance the intial immune reponse. c. If an infection develops the center is called an absess. d. Vasodilated vessels become porous allowing nutrients, oxygen and other resources to enter damaged area. Edema. e. Pyrogen secreted elevates local temperature. f. Margination, Diapedesis, positive chemotaxis, and phagocytosis by neutrophils followed by macrophages. Tissue Repair/Injury Resolution a. Stratus basalis begins to grow. Blood vessels begin to repair Page 8
9 iv. b. Fibroblasts migrate into damaged area and secrete collagen c. Epidermis mends d. Scab forms e. Clot material removed Final Stages a. Normal blood flow restored b. Bacterial and damaged tissue removed c. Irregularly placed collagen leaves scar d. Scab falls off. D. Systemic Inflammation and Fever (Page 382) Page 9
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