Nonspecific Host Resistance. Counter attack (Specific Host Resistance)

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1 Nonspecific Host Resistance Chapter Introduction A. Resistance i. Resistance by defense ii. iii. Resistance by alliance Counter attack (Specific Host Resistance) B. Susceptibility 2. Resistance A. Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance B. Specific (Adaptive) Resistance 3. First Line of Defense A. Physical Factors (pp. 453) i. Intact Skin a. Epidermis Keratin Fungal Infections (I.e., Athletes Foot) b. Dermis ii. Mucous Membranes (p ) a. Mucous Page 1

2 Treponema pallidum and the mucous membrane (p. 453) Borditella pertussis IgA b. Cilia (p. 454) iii. Lacrimal Apparatus (know figure 16.3; p.454) a. tears b. Lysozyme iv. Saliva a. Salivary Amylase Page 2

3 b. Bicarbonate ions Sucrose Glucose used to make Glycocalyx (capsular material) used for adhesion purposes Fructose used for metabolic purposes. ADP ATP NAD+ NADH Pyruvate Lactic Acid Acid Nutralization HCO 3 - v. Nasal Hairs a. Primary Function (as mentioned in lecture) vi. Flushing of Urogenetal Tract Page 3

4 B. Chemical Barriers (p. 453) i. Lysozyme ii. Acid (p. 455) a. Stomach Acid Helicobacter pylori Toxins of Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus b. Sebum Unsaturated Fatty Acids c. Normal Bacterial Flora Acid Production (See handout) d. Normal Vaginal Flora and Vaginal Acidity (p. 455) Lactobacillus acidophilus iii. Cerumen (p. 455) iv. Sweat v. Urine a. Lysozome b. Salt and effects Page 4

5 C. Normal Bacterial Flora mutualistic relationships (pp ) i ii. iii. Growth Factors Competitive Exclusion Alteration of Environment a. Candida albicans 3. Second Line of Defense (pp ) A. Nonspecific Phagocytosis i. Types of Cells a. Granulocytes Basophils * Histamine Neutrophils * First Responders Eosinophils (see fig 17.14) * Helminth Infection Page 5

6 b. Agranulocytes Monocytes Macrophages * Fixed Macrophages * Wandering Macrophages Lymphocytes * Specific Host Immune Response ii. Phagocytosis and the Inflammatory Response (p ) a. Positive Chemotaxis e. Lysosome b. Adhesion f. Phagolysosome c. Pseudopods g. Residual Body d. Phagosome h. Exocytosis Lysosome Phagolysosome Phagosome 1. Pseudopodia form around food Exocytosis Page 6

7 iii. Phogocytic Hinderences a. M protein of Stretptococcus pyogenes b. Capsules Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae type b c. Fimbriae Bordatella pertussus d. Disruption of phagolysosome Listeria monocytogenes d. Escape from phagolysosome Rickettsia Page 7

8 B. Inflammation (pp ) i. Types of Inflammation a. Acute b. Chronic C. Inflammatory Process (pp ) i. Stabilization of Wound a. An initial break damages dermal blood vessels and inserts microorganisms b. Reflexive vasoconstriction reduces blood flow c. Platelets come in contact with collagen fibers and induce clotting d. Clot forms are further reduces blood lose and isolates bacterial ii. Inflammatory response a. Mast cells and Basophile secrete histamine b. Histamine induces vasodilatoin of undamaged blood vessels. Other substances, such a kinins, prostaglandins and Leukotriens will enhance the intial immune reponse. c. If an infection develops the center is called an absess. d. Vasodilated vessels become porous allowing nutrients, oxygen and other resources to enter damaged area. Edema. e. Pyrogen secreted elevates local temperature. f. Margination, Diapedesis, positive chemotaxis, and phagocytosis by neutrophils followed by macrophages. iii. Tissue Repair/Injury Resolution a. Stratus basalis begins to grow. Blood vessels begin to repair Page 8

9 iv. b. Fibroblasts migrate into damaged area and secrete collagen c. Epidermis mends d. Scab forms e. Clot material removed Final Stages a. Normal blood flow restored b. Bacterial and damaged tissue removed c. Irregularly placed collagen leaves scar d. Scab falls off. D. Systemic Inflammation and Fever (P. 466) D. Complement System (Pull out downloadable handout) (pp ) i. Initiation of Complement System Classical Pathway Alternative Pathway Reaction System Activated a. Classical Pathway b. Alternate Pathway Page 9

10 ii. Outcomes of Activation a. Opsonization b. Inflamation * Arteriole Dilation * Exocytosis of Histamine * Promote Positive Chemotaxis c. Cytolysis E. Interferon (Pull out downloadable handout) (pp ) i. Antiviral Replication Proteins ii. Interferon Page 10

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