KAA 102. Ayurvedic Physiology. Dosha Dhātu Mala Vigyan. KAA 102 Page Ayurvedic Academy.Inc.

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1 KAA 102 Page1 KAA 102 Ayurvedic Physiology Dosha Dhātu Mala Vigyan

2 KAA 102 Page2 KERALA AYURVEDA ACADEMY KAA 102: Ayurvedic Physiology 2015 Kerala Ayurveda Academy All rights reserved REGISTERED OFFICES: State of CA Kerala Ayurveda Academy Fremont Blvd, #702, Fremont, CA Toll Free: (888) Fax: (510) State of WA Kerala Ayurveda Academy and Online Learning 8234A 17 th Ave NE, Seattle, WA Toll Free: (888) Fax: (206) For registration For all other course support Executive Offices P.O. Box 2337 South Hamilton, MA Fax:

3 KAA 102 Page3 Table of Contents Vāta Subdoshas... 8 Pitta Subdoshas Kapha Subdoshas Rasa Dhātu Rakta Dhātu The blood tissue Māmsa Dhātu The Muscle Tissue Meda Dhātu The Adipose Tissue Asthi Dhātu The Bone Tissue Majja Dhātu The Bone Marrow Shukla/Artava Dhātu The Reproductive Tissue Ojas Relationship of Dosha & Dhātu Tissue Nutrition Mutra Urine Purisha Feces Sweda Sweat Prakriti Evaluation... 30

4 KAA 102 Page4 DOSHA, DHĀTU & MALA T he human body is a mirror of our physical surroundings. The space we +inhabit, the air we breathe, the water we drink, the heat of the sun and the earth underneath our feet are all examples of the physiological structures outside our bodies reflected in our elemental compositions. In Ayurvedic Philosophy, you were introduced to the three Doshas and the principle of Prakriti and its underlying tenets. Ayurvedic Physiology takes Philosophy a step further. It describes the icon key Valuable information Test your knowledge Workbook review Important note specific operations of these major energies and laws as the energies, structures and byproducts of all physiological functions. The Three Categories of Ayurvedic Physiology: 1. Doshas (Governing energies) 2. Dhātus (Organs and structures) 3. Malās (Wastes) Category Translation No. of Types Types Dosha That which when imbalanced, causes disorder. 3 Vāta, Pitta, Kapha Dhātu That which holds together. 7 Rasa, Rakta, Māmsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja, Shukla/Artava Mala That which spoils or decays the body. 3 Purisha, Mutra, Sweda

5 KAA 102 Page5 THE SUBDOSHAS Each of the doshas has five Subdoshas with specific actions within the physiological structure. They affect and govern specific organ functions and operations as well as the emotional and mental faculties. Vāta and its Subdoshas create and sustain physiological functions related to Vāta, such as action, transportation, movement, inspiration and buoyancy. Pitta and its Subdoshas create and sustain physiological functions related to transformation, conversion, digestion, heat and radiance. Kapha and its Subdoshas create and sustain physiological functions related to construction, lubrication, nourishment, cohesion and stabilization. The knowledge of Subdoshas is useful to use the right herbs in the treatment. Dosha Related Functions Subdoshas Vāta Pitta Action, transportation, movement, inspiration and buoyancy. Transformation, conversion, digestion, heat and radiance. Prāna, Udāna, Samāna, Apāna, Vyāna Sādhaka, Alōchaka, Ranjaka, Pāchaka, Bhrājaka Kapha Construction, lubrication, nourishment, cohesion and stabilization. Tarpaka, Bōdhaka, Avalambaka, Kledaka, Shleshaka

6 KAA 102 Page6 The Distribution of the Doshas

7 KAA 102 Page7 The Distribution of the Subdoshas

8 KAA 102 Page8 Vāta Subdoshas Subdosha Location Action Movement Signs of Imbalance Prāna Vāyu Brain, lungs, Sensory perception, inhalation, From outside Weakened heart, throat, nervous control of heart, to inside senses & tongue, nose ingestion of food, coughing, confusion, and ears. spitting, sneezing, belching, physical & thinking and mind control: Joy, psychological happiness. imbalances Udāna Vāyu Mainly in the chest; Moves from the navel to the heart, lungs, throat and brain. Energizes mind, awakens intelligence, controls speech, selfexpression, exhalation, memory recall. Gives strength to the body and glow to the skin. Upward, outward Stuttering, congestion, difficulty in exhaling. Indecisiveness, difficulty in responding. Balancing Herbs Tulsi, Aswagandha Licorice, Dashamoola Samāna Vāyu Stomach, small and large intestine, liver, pancreas and spleen. Kindles Agni (helps digestion), separates nutrients and wastes from the food juice. Absorbs nutrients and water, maintains peristalsis, and controls the secretion of digestive enzymes. Converts the intelligence in the food into our consciousness. Represents the meeting point of Prāna and Apāna. Governs the physiological and psychological functions of the Manipura or Solar Chakra. From the periphery to the center. Meeting point of Prāna and Apāna. Malabsorption Diarrhea Constipation Indigestion Cumin, Coriander, Ajamōda, Vyāna Vāyu In the heart; circulates throughout the body. Represents the seat of life, consciousness and unconditional love. Circulates Rasa Dhātu (nutrients), Rakta Dhātu (blood), thoughts, emotions and energy to the rest of the body. Releases sweat, controls muscular contraction and relaxation. Regulates motor nerve impulses. Governs physiological and psychological functions of the Anahata or Heart Chakra. From the center to the periphery. Circulation problems, heart palpitations, Tachycardia, Bradycardia, panic attacks, anxiety attacks. Arjuna, Gokshura, Sthira

9 KAA 102 Page9 Apāna Vāyu Colon, pelvic cavity and pelvic organs. Supports and strengthens intestinal walls. Maintains the tone of the tissues and muscles in the pelvis. Absorbs nutrients, eliminates urine and feces, starts menstrual flow, ejaculation of semen and sperm and assists with conception. Induces labor, contracts uterus and assists with childbirth. Nourishes the other Vāyus. Governs physiological and psychological functions of Muladhara or Root Chakra and Swadhisthan or Sacral Chakra. Downward Constipation, bloating, distension, lower abdominal pain. Irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, hyperactive bladder. Prolapsed uterus, vagina, rectum. PMS, dryness of vagina. Sterility, miscarriage, ED. Haritaki, Ajamoda

10 KAA 102 Page10 Study Questions 1. Name the five types of Vāta. 2. What is the main location of Prāna Vāyu? 3. What is the function of Udāna Vāyu? 4. How do you best manage Samāna Vāyu? 5. What is the location and main action of Vyāna Vāyu? 6. Why is Apāna Vāyu so important in the treatment of Vāta disorders?

11 KAA 102 Page11 Pitta Subdoshas Sub-dosha Location Action Signs of Imbalance Sādhaka Brain and heart Pitta Digestion of ideas, thoughts; discrimination, awareness. Controls thinking, learning, understanding. Moves in the heart as compassion and love. All thoughts like desire, goals and determination are the function of Sādhaka Pitta. Ego, control, dominance, anger, hatred, jealousy, selfishness, indecision, confusion, distortion. Balancing Herbs Sandalwood, Brahmi, Licorice Alōchaka Pitta All parts of the eyes Absorbs different images, colors and processes visual images. At subtle level it gives clarity, light and understanding. Color- and nightblindness. Triphala, Dārvi Pāchaka Pitta Small intestine & lower part of stomach Creates hunger and thirst; Aap part of Pitta liquefies food and agni part cooks the food. Digests sour, pungent and bitter foods. When the digestive fire is strong we experience contentment, strength, energy and clarity of mind. When Low: Indigestion, ama production. When High: Nausea, vomiting, acidity, ulcers, heartburn. To Strengthen: Ginger, Cloves, Garlic, Ajamoda, Chitraka To Reduce: Amalaki, Guduchi, Licorice, Coriander Bhrājaka Pitta Ranjaka Pitta Skin Liver, spleen, and small intestine Controls the color & luster of the skin, maintains blood flow and body temperature, controls sweat glands and absorption of sunrays to form nutrients. Absorbs medication patches. Forms the barrier between the internal and external environments. Gives color to blood, urine and feces. In the liver, the absorbed food (Ahara Rasa) is cooked and digested again. The liver also destroys old red blood cells, separating enzymes which are excreted through the stool, giving a yellow color to the urine and feces. Skin inflammations, blisters, acne, rosacea, psoriasis, hives, moles, melanoma, and skin ulcers, also eats the stomach lining and causes ulcers. Jaundice, anemia, leukemia, bleeding disorders Chandana (cooling, blocks the sun s rays), Manjishta (balancing), Red Sandalwood (cooling) Turmeric, Sharapunkha, Katuki

12 KAA 102 Page12 Study Questions 1. Name the five types of Pitta. 2. What is the main location of Sādhaka Pitta? What is its primary function? 3. What is the function of Alochaka Pitta? 4. What is the main action of Pāchaka Pitta? Why is it important to pay attention to it in Pitta disorders? 5. What is the location and main action of Bhrājaka Pitta? 6. What is the location and action of Ranjaka Pitta?

13 KAA 102 Page13 Kapha Subdoshas Subdosha Tarpaka Kapha Location Action Signs of Imbalance Brain and spinal cord, heart Protects nervous system, nourishes nervous tissue, lubricates brain cells, regulates the action of the nervous system, works as a shock absorber against injuries, and creates calmness, compassion, caring, love and affection. Dull mind, lack of understanding, slow learning, slow memory recall, MS Balancing Herbs Vacha (Calamus), Ginger Bodhaka Kapha Avalambaka Kapha Mouth, tongue and salivary glands. Thoracic cavity, lungs, pleural cavity, in pericardium, around alveoli, and bronchi Keeps the oral cavity moist, interprets taste, lubricates the mucus membrane, liquefies the food for better chewing, digestion (carbohydrates) and swallowing, and protects the mouth against acidity and cavities. Lubricates the throat for softer and clearer voice. Is very sensitive to emotions. When we experience anxiety, fear, depression, Bodhaka Kapha decreases. With a smell, look or thought of good food, Bodhaka Kapha is secreted. Lubricates all the organs in the lungs and provides nourishment. Carries love and compassion from the heart to the rest of the body. Every thought and emotion affects Avalambaka Kapha. For a long healthy life, Avalambaka Kapha is essential. Irregular coating, plaque. See notes on tongue diagnosis. Emphysema, Asthma, Bronchitis, cough, Pleurisy, heaviness in the chest. To Increase kapha : Licorice To Decrease kapha : Ginger, Cloves Ginger, Bibhitaki Kledaka Kapha Shleshaka Kapha Stomach (upper part) Joints Moistens food for better digestion and movement of food in the stomach. Protects and nourishes stomach lining (mucus membrane), prevents ulcers. Represents the alkaline secretion in the stomach. Lubricates joints for smooth action, provides nourishment to the bones, ligaments and cartilages. Works as a shock absorber. Lubricates the skin. If Increased: Indigestion, heaviness, āma formation, mucus in stools. If Decreased: Ulcers, burning in the stomach Arthritis, swollen joints, water retention, edema. Ginger, Pippali To Decrease: Punarnava, Ginger, Guggulu To Increase: Licorice

14 KAA 102 Page14 Study Questions 1. Name the five types of Kapha. 2. What is the main location of Tarpaka Kapha? What is its function? 3. What is the function of Bodhaka Kapha? 4. What is the main action of Avalambaka Kapha? Why is it important to pay attention to it in Kapha disorders? 5. What is the location of Shleshaka Kapha and what is its main action? 6. What is the location and action of Kledaka Kapha?

15 DHĀTU That Which Holds Together Dhāranāt Dhātavah The Universe is made up of energy and matter. The Doshas represent energy and the Dhātus represent matter. Dhātus are made up of Mahābhutas which are created from Tanmātras. Tanmātras are the different vibrations of the universal, cosmic energy. The Doshas and Dhātus are close friends who cannot live or function without each other. The doshas work through the Dhātus Each Dhātu has a primordial vibration and is an expression of consciousness. The Dhātus hold (support) the body together. The Doshas do the function and Dhātus provide the site to do the function. The Dhātus are developed from and nourished by food. There are seven Upadhātus, or secondary tissues, developed as a byproduct of Dhātu digestion. 6. The Malās, or waste products are also produced during each Dhātu digestion. 7. The Dhātus support the body and provide nutrition to the more subtle Dhātus. The Upadhātus support the body but do not provide nutrition. 8. A Dhātu that is being affected by the Doshas is known as Dushya.( In other words, Dushya is the one that can be affected by Doshas. Since Dhātus can be affected by Doshas,they can be called Dushya.) 9. The Dhātus are measured in Anjali pramāna. Anjali is a measure created by cupping the palms together to equal roughly 8 fluid ounces. 10. The grosser Dhātus nourish the subtler Dhātus and subtler the Dhātus protect the grosser Dhātus. 11. The Dhātus can become aggravated, depleted or imbalanced. Dhātu Location Function Upadhātu Mala Rasa Preenana (Nourishment) Jeevana (Giving life) Māmsa Muscle Meda Asthi Fat Bone Majja Bone Marrow Tears Shukla/Artava Reproductive Fluid (Sperm or Ovum) Lepana (Plastering of the body) Snehana (Lubrication) Dhārana (Supporting the organs) Poorana (Filling, feeling) Prajotpādana (Procreation) Stanya (Breast milk) Raja (Menstrual fluid) Kandara (Tendons) Sira (Blood vessels) Vasa (Subcutaneous fat) Twak (Skin) Snāyu (Ligaments) Teeth Kapha Rakta Plasma, Lymph, Serum Blood Oiliness in the eyes, skin and feces n/a 15 Khamala (Waste from natural openings) Sweat Hair, Nails KAA 102 Page n/a Pitta

16 KAA 102 Page16 Rasa Dhātu Plasma, Serum or Lymph with the nutritive essence 1. Rasa is the grossest of all the Dhātus; it is plasma, serum, lymph. 2. Rasa is a juice or liquid (the juice of life) with nutrients for all the other Dhātus. 3. Rasa takes 1 day to form after food ingestion. 4. It measures 9 anjali. 5. Its Upadhātu is breast milk and menstrual fluid. 6. Its Mala is Kapha. Composition Sites Functions Made up of all Mahabhutas, but primarily Aap (jala, water) Pervades in the whole body but main sites are heart, lymph channels, and venous blood. 1. Preenana: Nourishes all Dhātus. Due to the process of catabolism, Dhātus break down and become deficient. Rasa Dhātu replenishes those, to maintain balance. 2. Ahāra Rasa (Digested Food) is absorbed by blood vessels and carried to Liver. Liver contains Panchamahabhutagnis, which further digest Ahara Rasa. Dhātu agnis do further digestion to develop particular Dhātus. First, Rasa is created, which has all Bhutas for other Dhātus. Thus, it provides nourishment to others. 3. The intelligence and the subtle energy of Rasa, which comes from food, gives contentment to other Dhātus. This energy maintains strength, love and compassion 4. It maintains body temperature and ph through sweat glands. Coagulates blood due to Kapha. 5. Responsible for lactation and menstruation. Signs of Rasa Sara, or Optimum Rasa 1. A person is happy, strong, healthy and has good memory 2. Skin is soft, smooth and glowing 3. The hair (on the body and head) is oily, soft and silky

17 KAA 102 Page17 Rakta Dhātu The blood tissue 1. Rakta Dhātu represents the Red Blood Cells in the body. 2. It is the second Dhātu in the body. 3. It is named due to its color. Rakta means red. 4. Rakta Dhātu requires 6 days to form after food ingestion. 5. It measures 8 anjali. 6. Its Upadhātus are tendons and blood vessels. 7. Its Mala is Pitta. Composition Sites Functions All the Mahabhutas but mainly fire and water. Bone marrow (red marrow), liver, spleen, red blood cells, heart and uterus. 1. Jeevana: Gives life by carrying Prāna. 2. Provides strength, energy, luster, happiness. 3. Carries Prāna to all the cells. 4. Nourishes subtle Dhātus. 5. Provides enthusiasm, compassion, creativity and ambition. 6. Emotionally connected to anger, irritability, and jealousy (because related to Pitta). Signs of Rakta Sara 1. Person is bright, brilliant, and happy. 2. There is vitality and strength. 3. Skin is reddish and lustrous, eyes are bright. 4. Pink lips, nails, conjunctiva. 5. Body always feels warm and desires cooler things.

18 Māmsa Dhātu The Muscle Tissue Sites Functions Muscle tissue, organs of the body; Over the bones Lepana: Plastering of the body. Many organs are made of Māmsa Dhātu. Regulates activities, moving joints and bones, coordination, power. Gives strength to our body frame. Keeps skin smooth. Gives confidence, courage and strength. Emotions are stored in fascia and connective tissue. Nourishes Meda Dhātu. Signs of Māmsa Sāra Muscular body, with a good tone. Great strength and stamina. Strong joints and co-ordination. Person looks strong, healthy, confident, rich, and intelligent. 18 Mainly earth, fire and water KAA 102 Page Composition 1. Māmsa Dhātu represents the muscles in the body. 2. It takes 11 days to form after food ingestion. 3. The quantity of Māmsa Dhātu is variable depending on the individual, their Prakriti and their personal habits. 4. Its Upadhātus are subcutaneous fat and skin. 5. Its Mala is ear wax, nasal crust, smegma and navel discharge.

19 KAA 102 Page19 Meda Dhātu The Adipose Tissue 1. Meda Dhātu represents the fat, lipids, adipose tissue and cholesterol in the body. 2. Its main location is in the omentum and kidneys. 3. It takes 16 days to form after food ingestion. 4. It generally measures 2 anjalis, depending on the individual. 5. Its Upadhātu is ligaments. 6. Its Mala is Sweda or sweat. See previous page for rendering. Composition Sites Functions Water, earth and fire. All over the body, under skin, belly, omentum( a fold of peritoneum connecting or supporting the abdominal structures as the stomach and liver), buttocks, breasts, around joints, around heart, kidney. 1. Snehana: Keeps muscles lubricated for constant contraction and retraction; lubrication of joints. 2. Keeps body strong, and supple; soft voice; oily and lustrous hair. 3. Nourishes Asthi Dhātu. 4. Retains heat. Signs of Meda Sara 1. Well-built body, melodious voice. 2. Skin, hair, eyes, nails, lips and teeth are smooth, oily and lustrous. 3. Rounded and strong joints. 4. Person is loving, forgiving and compassionate.

20 KAA 102 Page20 Asthi Dhātu The Bone Tissue 1. Asthi Dhātu is the hardest Dhātu in the body. Sthā means to stand or endure. 2. Asthi Dhātu is one of the seats of Vāta. 3. The junction of the bones is a Sandhi or joint, which is filled and lubricated by Shleshaka Kapha to prevent friction during movement. 4. It takes 21 days to form after food ingestion. 5. Its Upadhātu is teeth and cartilage. 6. Its Malas are hair and nails. Composition Sites Functions Signs of Asthi Sara Mainly earth, space and air. All the bones in the body. 1. Dhārana (To support): It supports the other Dhātus in the body. 2. Provides the skeleton to the body and gives shape, and stability to the body. 3. Provides attachment to muscles. 4. Protects vital organs (brain, spinal cord, pelvic organs) within. 5. Assists in self defense and protects the body. 6. Carries sound (bones in the ears). 7. Retains memory of pain, pleasure, sadness and happiness, subconscious emotions. 8. Many bone disorders are caused by old age. 7. It nourishes Majja Dhātu. 1. Long and strong bones, big and strong joints. 2. Strong nails, hair, teeth. 3. Is hardworking, energetic, and has great strength and stamina. Asthi Dhātu The Bone Tissue

21 KAA 102 Page21 Majja Dhātu The Bone Marrow 1. Majja Dhātu represents the Bone Marrow in the body, as well as anything within the bone, the brain, spinal cord, red bone marrow or nerve tissue of body. 2. The nourishment of Majja begins 26 days after food ingestion. 3. It measures 1 anjali and represents ½ anjali of the brain tissue. 4. Its Upadhātu are lachrymal secretions or tears. 5. Its Malās are the oily secretions in the eyes, skin and feces. Composition Sites Functions Mainly air, water and earth. Within the bones, nerve tissue and endocrine glands. 1. Poorana: Filling and strengthening the bones. 2. Strengthening the body. 3. Nourish Shukla Dhātu. 4. Communication, Sensory and motor function. 5. Majja is related to feelings, thoughts, and emotions in the past, present and in the future. Signs of Majja Sara 1. Body is strong but supple. 2. Skin and voice are soft. 3. Joints are strong and well built. 4. Eyes are big and lustrous. 5. Person is strong, intelligent and respectable and lives longer.

22 Shukla/Artava Dhātu The Reproductive Tissue 1. In Composition Mainly water. Sites Functions Male/female reproductive system. Signs of Shukla Sara Why is Shukla Dhātu so Important? 1. Shukla is not merely located in the reproductive system. It is located all over the body. 2. It increases the immune system, vigor, and vitality. 3. In spirituality, controlling all the desires (especially sexual) is very important. The goal is to facilitate the life energy to move upwards. 4. Mental calmness and clarity is increased by Shukla. 5. Shukla keeps body very strong and free from disorder, and the intellect very sharp. 1. Prajotpadana: Reproduction and procreation. 2. Provide vigor and vitality. 3. Is the seed potential of all Dhātus. 22 Strength, stamina, vitality. Strong bones, eyes, nails and hair. Enjoys physical intimacy with a partner. Many children. 3. KAA 102 Page 2. males, Shukla Dhātu represents the sperm; in females, Ārtava Dhātu represents the ovum in the body -or the female seed potential. It is the most subtle Dhātu in the body. Shukla is cool, white, oily, sweet, liquid and heavy. Ārtava is hot, astringent, sour, and acidic in smell It takes 31 days to form It measures ½ anjali.

23 KAA 102 Page23 Ojas The glow, aura, radiance, vitality or immunity 1. The essence of all the Dhātus. 2. The Prime energy reserve of the body. 3. The immune system. 4. A link between the body and mind. 5. Superior to Shukla. Qualities Functions Types of Ojas Cool, oily, clear, heavy, soft, static. 1. Protects life. 2. Gives strength. 3. Protects against disorders. 4. Controls heart beats. 5. Regulates sense organs and organs of action. 6. Maintains the balance of all Dhātus. Para Ojas It is the important ojas that is responsible for maintaining life. So its loss leads to death. It is located in the heart. Apara Ojas It is the ojas that we attain through food and life-style. It is distributed throughout the body and strengthens it. 1. Para: 8 drops ( in the heart) 2. Apara: ½ Anjali (spread throughout the body) Relationship of Dosha & Dhātu Dosha Related Dhātu Relationship Kapha Rasa, Māmsa, Meda, Majja, Shukla Direct Pitta Rakta Direct Vāta Asthi Inverse

24 KAA 102 Page24 Tissue Nutrition After digestion by Bhutāgnis, Āhara Rasa (the essence of the food) is digested further by the Dhātuagnis to provide nutrition to each particular Dhātu. The nutrition of the Dhātus is governed in any of the following ways, depending on need: The Law of Irrigation (Kedari Kulya Nyaya) The Water System in the Farm Law The Law of Irrigation represents the concept of water irrigation, which is constant through the process of circulation. Each Dhātu takes its own nutrients and then forwards it to the next Dhātu. The Law of Transformation (Kasheera Dadhi Nyaya) The Milk to Curd Law Ahara Rasa Rasa Rasa Rakta Rakta Māmsa Māmsa Meda Meda Majja Majja Shukla/Artava Shukla/Artava Ojas The Law of Selectivity (Khale Kapota Nyaya) The Pit and Pigeon Law Each Dhātu goes to the river of Rasa (plasma) to get its needed (own peculiar) nutrition and takes it back to nourish its constituents (fat takes fat; bones take minerals, etc). Nutrition is step-by-step nourishment from the gross to the subtlest Dhātu. Study Questions 1. List the Dhātus and their main function: 2. What is each Dhātu s Bhoutic composition? 3. What are the signs of Each Dhātu Sāra (optimum quality): 4. How Dhātus are related to Bhutas? 5. What is each Dhātu s Upadhātu and mala?

25 KAA 102 Page25 MALĀS That Which Spoils or Decays the Body 1. Malās can become toxins if not removed at the right time. 2. Malās support the body. 3. Cleanse the body. 4. Over-cleansing removes the Malās, but aggravates Vāta which may be harmful. 5. Doshas, Dhātus, and Malās all the three support the body. 6. There are many forms of Malās. Urine and Feces are Malās of digested food. All the Dhātus after digestion create Dhātu Malās. Mutra Urine Composition Taste Odor Touch Color Transparency Quantity Sites Formation Function Signs of Imbalance Signs of Mutra Kshaya Signs of Mutra Vriddhi Mainly water (and earth) Acidic, bitter, salty Odorless Warm Colorless, slightly yellowish Clear 4 anjali Mutravaha strotas. Blood, kidneys (vrukka), ureters, bladder (Vasti), penis (medhra). In the large intestine (ascending & early part of transverse colon), liquid waste is absorbed and carried with Rasa & Rakta Dhātu to the rest of the body. Finally, it is filtered by the kidneys. From kidneys, the liquid waste flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Here, it actually gets the name Mutra. When the urinary bladder is full, we get an urge to urinate. Apāna Vāyu is responsible for urination. 1. To maintain moistness in the body 2. To remove wastes, salts and minerals from the body. 3. Helps to maintain fluid balance, thereby controls blood pressure 1. Formation of increased or decreased quantity 2. Frequency of urination 3. Painful urination 4. Change in color, smell or consistency of urine 5. Kidney stones 1. Pain in urinary bladder 2. Scanty urination 3. Thirst 4. Dryness of mouth 1. Excessive urination 2. Increased frequency 3. Fullness or pain in the bladder

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27 KAA 102 Page27 Purisha Feces Composition Odor Color Quantity Sites Formation Notes Function Signs of Imbalance Mainly earth, little water Bad smell due to fermentation of food. In many digestive disorders, the smell is worse, because food is not digested completely. Yellowish, brownish. This is due to Ranjaka Pitta. (Bile salts form liver). (In Jaundice, the stools are whitish, or gray, due to blockage) 7 anjali (roughly). In vegetarian people the quantity is greater as there is more undigested fiber from vegetables. Purishavaha strotas (caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum and anus) After digested food enters the colon and the liquid waste is absorbed in the ascending and transverse colon the solid waste starts getting formed. This solid waste is Purisha. In Vāta imbalance, if Samāna Vāyu did not absorb enough water content, the stools become watery causing diarrhea, or if there is excess absorption of water then the stools become very dry and may cause constipation. 1. Worms in stools is a disorder. The normal bacterial flora is different from the amoebae, tapeworm, round worms. 2. Sensation of defecation: Due peristalsis the feces move forward. As it starts entering in sigmoid colon, a person gets the sensation for defecation. 3. Repeated colonics causes weakness. Due to emptiness, Vāta aggravates and causes chest pain, back pain, bloating, gurgling. 1. Removes solid wastes from the body 2. Supports intestinal walls 3. Removes toxins from the intestinal tract 4. Slows down emptying 1. Constipation, hard, dry stools, hemorrhoids 2. Diarrhea, loose motions, Bloody diarrhea, colitis, diverticulitis 3. Irritable bowel syndrome, dysentery, parasites

28 KAA 102 Page28 Sweda Sweat Composition Sites Formation Function Mainly water Swedavaha strotas Sweat glands (Swedavaha Srotas). When the blood comes to Swedavaha Srotas, it separates the liquid waste and heat, creating sweat. 1. Keeps the skin moist, and prevents from cracking and drying 2. Maintains the temperature of the body. In hot temperature, Bhrajaka Pitta aggravates and dilates the blood vessels in the skin. It also stimulates the sweat glands and thereby removes excess heat and liquid waste from the body. In cold environments, Vyāna Vāyu aggravates and constricts the blood vessels and the sweat glands. 3. Cleansing the toxins in the skin or superficial Dhātus Study Questions 1. Name the three Malās and briefly describe how they are formed in the body. 2. What is the function of each malā?

29 KAA 102 Page29 PRAKRITI Body Constitution Prakriti, the Body Constitution, is the state of Dosha predominant in the nature of an individual, which is established at the time of conception and stays the same till the end of life. The Constitutional state of Dosha is created on its own and will not cause any disease on its own. The most important factor in Ayurveda is the determination of one s individual constitution (Prakriti pariksha). Finding the right Prakriti is critical, as preventive or treatment plans are dependent on the specific Prakriti of the individual being treated. There are seven (7) types of Prakriti: Type Description Number of Types Categories Eka Doshaja Predominant in any one Dosha 3 V, P, K Dwi Doshaja Dual types; Two Doshas at relatively equal 3 VP (PV), PK (KP), KV (VK) predominance Tridoshic or Sama Triple Type; Three Doshas at almost equal proportions 1 VPK

30 KAA 102 Page30 Knowing Your Prakriti Helps To: 1. Maintain physical balance 2. Achieve harmony at the subtle levels 3. Establish an appropriate life regime 4. Understand disorder tendencies 5. Suggest or prescribe proper diet and herbs 6. Determine the perfect exercise routine 7. Provide safe and effective treatments 8. Find the ideal location to live, find a suitable career 9. Improve relationships 10. Add life to our living Before finding Prakriti, remember the following pointers: Be objective. Prakriti is all about the basic nature, tendencies and affinities of an individual Choose characteristics which describe and overall tendency of a person considering the whole life period till that time rather than what is happening right now. If more than one description is applicable, weigh each and select the response that is stronger than the others. V is for Vāta, P is for Pitta and K is for Kapha. Prakriti Evaluation Physical stature Weight Chest Hands and Fingers Physical Characteristics Slim and slender, tall or short, tissues not well developed Light weight, hardly gain weight (Gain by ounces and lose by pounds), and if gained weight, can easily get rid of excess pounds Thin, small, narrow, small rib cage Small, thin, dry, cold, rough, unsteady, long thin fingers Moderately developed body, medium built Medium weight, average, good muscles, do not gain weight very easily Medium Medium, warm, pink, moist, medium pointed fingers Medium Well built, stout, stocky Heavy, easy to gain weight (gain by pounds and loose by ounces), very difficult to lose weight Broad, large, well developed bust Large, thick, cool, firm, stocky fingers Legs Thin, excessively long or Large, big, stocky short, prominent joints Complexion Dull, darkish Red, flushed, glowing White, pale

31 KAA 102 Page31 Skin Hair Thin, dry, cold, rough, cracked Thin, dry, straight, dandruff (often) Warm, moist, pink, with moles, freckles, acne Moderate, fine, brown, red or blond color, receding hairline, tendency to early balding and graying Thick, white, moist, cold, soft, smooth Oily, thick, black, very wavy, lustrous Shape of the Face Oval, narrow Triangular, sharp angle, sharp contours Large, round, fat, white or pale, soft contours Eyes Small, dry, thin, brown, unsteady Medium, sharp, blue or green, piercing Big, lustrous, oily, black, attractive Lips Thin, small, darkish, dry Medium, soft, nice curve Thick, large, oily, smooth, firm Joints Small, thin, cracking Medium, soft, loose Large, thick, deep seated Nails Thin, vertical ridges, dry, rough, fissured, cracked Medium, soft, pink Large, thick, smooth, white, oily Voice Low, weak, hoarse Sharp, loud, high pitch Deep, good tone, loose voice due to congestion Speech Quick, inconsistent, erratic, talkative Definite, argumentative, convincing Slow, not to the point, not very talkative (good listeners) Appetite Variable, erratic, goes up and down Strong, sharp, can t tolerate hunger Low, can easily skip meal Bowel Movements Sleep Dreams Hobbies Activities Stamina/Strength Tend to constipate, skip days, dry stools, and produce gas Interrupted, wake up off and on, insomnia, wake at 3:00am Flying, jumping, moving, nightmares, dreams often Traveling, dancing, running, aerobics (action) Quick, fast, unsteady, in bursts, hyperactive Low stamina, poor endurance, get tired after some activity Enjoy warm and humid weather Tend to get diarrhea, loose motions, and loose stools Light sleeper, moderate, may wake up but will fall asleep again; may have a hard time falling asleep. Vivid colors in dream, passionate Sports, politics (winning) Precise, orderly, thoughtful, motivated, purposeful, goal seeking Medium Regular, once or twice a day, well formed stools Heavy sleep, difficulty in waking up Romantic, sentimental, few dreams Nature walks, reading, gardening, fun activities Slow, steady, relaxed Good endurance, keep working for long duration Enjoy dry and warm weather Weather Enjoy cooler weather Preference Resistance to Weak immune system, fall Moderate immune Strong immune system,

32 KAA 102 Page32 Disorder sick frequently system, prone to infections do not fall sick very easily Disorder Tendency Pain, arthritis, mental disorders, nervous system disorders Infections, inflammatory disorders, fevers Respiratory system disorders, mucus, water retention, swelling Total V: P: K: Giving Proportions to the Doshas There are lots of variations. There is not one standard method. Be consistent with the one you use. Count all applicable V s, P s and K s. Divide all three numbers by the smallest total. For Example Steps Vāta Pitta Kapha Total from Questionnaire Divided by Smallest Total /4 8/4 4/4 Total (Rounded) There is no better or worse Body Constitution. It is our responsibility to make peace with our Prakriti. It will stay with us as long as we live. Each Prakriti has particular strengths and weaknesses depending on: Culture Profession Health Disorder tendencies Evaluate as many Prakriti as possible. It is one of the most important tools offered by Ayurveda. Study Questions 1. What is Prakriti? 2. Why is it important to know a person s Prakriti? 3. Describe a few characteristics of each Prakriti: