Bio 103 Skeletal System 45
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1 45 Lecture Outline: SKELETAL SYSTEM [Chapters 7, 8] Introduction A. Components B. Functions Classification and Parts A. Bone Shapes 1. Long: 2. Short: 3. Flat: 4. Irregular: 5. Sesamoid: B. Parts of Long Bone 1. Epiphysis 2. Diaphysis 3. Bone (osseous) tissue a. compact b. spongy 4. Articular cartilage
2 46 5. Periosteum 6. Endosteum 7. Medullary cavity 8. Marrow 9. Epiphyseal plate Bone Histology A. Bone matrix 1. Inorganic ( ) 2. Organic ( ) B. Bone cells 1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts C. Microscopic Structure 1. Compact Bone Osteon (Haversian system) central canal perforating canal osteocyte lacunae bone matrix canaliculi 2. Spongy Bone trabeculae:
3 47 Ossification Processes A. Bone growth & development Begins at 6 weeks > adulthood "fetal skeleton" cartilage template fibrous CT BONE B. Intramembranous Ossification mesenchyme C. Endochondral Ossification bones begin as D. Growth at Epiphyseal Plate Epiphyseal ( ) plate
4 48 1 st layer of cells: 2 nd layer of cells: 3 rd layer of cells: 4 th layer of cells: Homeostasis of Bone Tissue A. Bone Resorption B. Bone Deposition C. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair o Nutrition o Exposure to Sunlight o Hormones o Exercise 1. Nutritional Factors Vit. A Deficiency Vit. C Vit. D Deficiency Deficiency 2. Exposure to Sunlight
5 49 3. Hormonal Factors GH (Growth Hormone) Insufficient GH Excessive GH Thyroid Hormone (thyroxine) Insufficient thyroxine Sex Hormones PTH (parathyroid hormone) Calcitonin Skeletal Organization 4. Exercise Effects A. Divisions 1. Axial: Physical Stress Lack of exercise 2. Appendicular: B. Number of Bones 206 named bones Axial: Appendicular: 126
6 50 Survey of landmarks: C. Axial Skeleton = Skull = 8 Cranial bones + 14 facial bones Cranial bones : frontal temporalparietal sphenoid occipital ethmoid Facial bones: maxillary palatine zygomatic lacrimal nasal vomer inferior nasal conchae mandible Paranasal sinuses Infant Skull fontanels Vertebral column (26) cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx Spinal Curvatures 4 curvatures: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral
7 51 Primary curvatures Secondary curvatures Vertebrae Cervical vertebrae atlas = axis = Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum: Coccyx Thoracic Cage = Ribs True ribs False ribs Floating Rib structure: head tubercle shaft
8 52 Sternum manubrium body xiphoid process Pectoral Girdle = Scapulae: Upper Limbs = Humerus Radius (lateral) Ulna (medial) Wrist and Hand [lateral medial] Carpals (proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) (distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) Metacarpals Pelvic Girdle = 2 fused coxae Phalanges proximal, middle, distal Hip bones ilium ishium pubis greater pelvis lesser pelvis
9 53 Female pelvis: Male pelvis: Lower Limbs = Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Ankle and Foot Tarsals Metatarsal Phalanges proximal, middle, distal Lifespan Changes decrease in height calcium levels bones become osteoclasts spongy bone bone loss fractures
10 54 Clinical Application Types of fractures: Joints of the Skeletal System (Chapter 8) A. Functions o Articulations = o Bind parts o Make bone growth possible o o B. Classification of Joints Based on structure: 1. Fibrous Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial Joints Based on function: 1. Syntharthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis
11 55 Fibrous Joints 3 Types: o Syndesmosis o Suture o Gomphosis Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types: o Synchondrosis o Symphysis Synovial Joints Types of Synovial Joints a) Ball and socket joint b) Condyloid joint
12 56 c) Gliding joint d) Hinge joint e) Pivot Joint f) Saddle Joint synovial joints Types of Joint Movements abduction / adduction flexion / extension / hyperextension dorsiflexion / plantar flexion rotation / circumduction supination / pronation Shoulder Joint Elbow Joint Hip Joint Knee Joint
13 57 LifeSpan Changes Clinical Application Joint Disorders Sprains Bursitis Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Gouty arthritis Endocrine/Ageing Osteoporosis Osteopenia Nutritional Rickets Osteomalacia
14 58
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