TOXIC CONDITIONS OF ANIMALS

Transcription

1 TOXIC CONDITIONS OF ANIMALS Prof. R. S. Chauhan Joint Director () Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar (UP)

2 AFLATOXICOSIS Aflatoxicosis is a toxic condition of poultry widely prevalent in all parts of the country caused by fungal toxins and characterized by hepatic lesions, immunosuppression and cancer. Etiology Fungal toxins of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium puberlum and several other fungi. Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2. 2

3 AFLATOXICOSIS Pathogenesis After ingestion aflatoxin, under goes biotransformation into highly reactive metabolites which binds with nucleic acids and reduce protein synthesis and causes immunosuppression. These metabolic alterations cause enlargement of liver, spleen and kidneys and atrophy of bursa of Fabricious, thymus and testicular tissues. Characteristic symptoms Enlargement of abdomen Anemia Drop in egg production Spasms of neck muscles and arched back Retarded growth of birds 3

4 AFLATOXICOSIS Macroscopic features Enlargement of liver Necrotic foci in liver Congestion and haemorrhage in liver Tumourous nodules in liver Atrophy of spleen Haemorrhage in muscles Loose mucosa of Gizzard Loss of production of eggs 4

5 AFLATOXICOSIS Microscopic features Necrosis in hepatic parenchyma Proliferation of bile duct epithelium Fibrosis in liver Haemorrhage in muscles and myocardium 5

6 AFLATOXICOSIS Diagnosis Symptoms and lesions Detection of toxins in poultry feed/tissues of affected birds using TLC or flurotoxinometer Immunodiagnostic tests for detection of aflatoxins in feed and tissues ELISA DIA 6

7 OCHRATOXICOSIS Ochratoxicosis is a toxic condition of poultry caused by a fungal toxin and characterized by nephrosis, visceral gout, pale bone marrow and haemorrhage in intestines. Etiology Ochratoxins produced by Aspergillus ochraceous and several other species of Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. 7

8 OCHRATOXICOSIS Pathogenesis Ochratoxin is found in maize and in most of the small grains contaminated with moulds. It inhibits protein synthesis, produces acute proximal tubular epithelial necrosis in kidneys and inhibits normal renal uric acid excretion. Characteristic symptoms Anemia Increased clotting time Loss of pigmentation 8

9 OCHRATOXICOSIS Macroscopic features Enlargement of kidneys Deposition of urates on kidneys Haemorrhage in kidneys Ureters distended due to accumulation of urates Haemorrhage in duodenum Anemia Pale bone marrow. Atrophy of lymphoid organs Ascites 9

10 OCHRATOXICOSIS Microscopic features Nephrosis, deposition of urates Infiltration of heterophils and fibrosis Haemorrhage in intestinal wall Lymphoid depletion in bursa, thymus and spleen 10

11 OCHRATOXICOSIS Diagnosis Symptoms and lesions Detection of ochratoxin in poultry feed/tissues using TLC/ HPLC methods Immunodiagnostic tests for detection of toxins in feed ELISA DIA 11

12 STRYCHNINE POISONING Accidental or malicious Characterized by Stiffness of legs Convulsions Staggering gait Prostration Bellowing Torticollis 12

13 DEGNALA DISEASE Degnala disease is a non-infectious disease of animals caused by mycotoxins and characterized by dry gangrene on extremities such as tip of ear, tail and hooves with sloughing of hooves. Etiology Fusarium tricinctum Mycotoxins of fungus Paddy straw infested with fungus is source of mycotoxin 13

14 DEGNALA DISEASE Pathogenesis Ingestion of mycotoxin in feed causes vasoconstriction leading to infarction, necrosis at extremities. Saprophytes invade and form dry gangrene. Characteristic Symptoms Dry gangrene on tail, ear, scrotum and hooves Sloughing of skin Lameness 14

15 DEGNALA DISEASE Macroscopic features Sloughing of skin from hooves leaving raw wound surface Gangrene at tail, ears and scrotum 15

16 DEGNALA DISEASE Microscopic features Loss of architectural details Necrosis Oedema with slight mononuclear infiltration 16

17 Diagnosis Symptoms and lesions Detection of toxin in feed DEGNALA DISEASE 17

18 HEAVY METAL POISONING Heavy Metals Lead Mercury Cadmium 18

19 Pesticides Insecticides Organochlorine Organophosphate Carbamate Synthetic pyrithroid Herbicides Weedicides Rodenticide PESTICIDE POISONING 19

20 BRACKEN FERN POISONING Bracken Fern Hematuria Cancer in urinary bladder 20

21 RATTI POISONING Ratti Poisoning (Abrin) Sudden death Due to needle pricking (malicious nature) Hyper-salivation Nasal discharge Melena Convulsions Paralysis 21

22 NITRATE POISONING Nitrate Poisoning Barley, maize, cauliflower, potato and sugar beet Dyspnoea Weakness Staggering gait Convulsions Death Cynosis of organs 22

23 CYANIDE POISONING Cyanide Poisoning Underdeveloped plants, leaves and pods of Acasia, maize Excitement Dyspnoea Weakness Staggering gait Convulsions Death No blood clot 23

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