Ch. 5 - Skeletal System
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1 Ch. 5 - Skeletal System
2 Bones are living, ever-changing structures. This allows them grow and adapt to new situations that the body encounters. The functions of the skeletal system: 1) support bones are the framework of the body 2) protection the protect delicate organs inside the body. -Ribs / heart &lungs -Skull / brain.
3 3) movement muscles are attached to bones and they pull on the bones 4) storage the bones of the body store calcium. - If blood calcium low...bones blood - If blood calcium high...blood bones 5) hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation. Occurs in red bone marrow of the bones.
4 There are four types of bones in the body: long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones. Parts of the long bones (found in your legs and arms) 1) diaphysis shaft or middle strong part of the bone 2) medullary cavity hollow area inside of the diaphysis The yellow bone marrow which is a fatty type of marrow is found in the medullary cavity.
5 3) epiphyses the ends of the long bones. This is also called spongy bone because it has many open spaces in it. This also contains the red bone marrow which makes blood cells. 4) articular cartilage thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis
6 5) periosteum strong fibrous membrane covering the surface of long bones 6) endosteum fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity
7 Two types of connective tissue in the skeletal system 1) bone 2) cartilage There are two types of bone. compact bone which is very dense and makes up the hard outer layer of bones spongy bone porous bone in the ends of long bones
8 Compact bone is made up of circular, tube-like structures called osteons. There are many layers to these circles and each are called lamella. These lamella are around an open space which is called the central canal. This central canal contains a blood vessel.
9 The living cells inside the bones hard layers are called osteocytes. They lie in little spaces in the lamella called lacunae. There are little passageways or tubes that connect the lacunae together and they are called canaliculi.
10 Cartilage is a more flexible substance that is made up of cells called chondrocytes. There are no blood vessels in cartilage so if it is damaged it takes a long time to repair. When you are born a lot of your skeleton is made up of cartilage. As the child ages bone material takes the place of cartilage.
11 osteoblasts are bone forming cells osteoclasts are bone eating cells Things like stress on the bones can make them stronger. When bones are stressed they become more dense and stronger.
12 In the long bones there is a special structure in between the epiphyses and the diaphysis. These are called epiphyseal plates these areas are where bones grow until a certain age. Some doctors will use this information to see if a child is done growing. The epiphyseal plates will turn into bone and that person is done growing.
13 The human skeleton is split up into two sections: 1) axial skeleton which is the bones of the head, neck and trunk 2) appendicular skeleton which is the bones of the extremities (arm and legs)
14 Bones of the Skull: The whole skull is called the cranium. frontal bone above the eyes parietal bones on each side of the head behind the frontal bone occipital bone back of the skull temporal bones on each side of the head below the parietal bones sphenoid bones in front of the temporal bones ethmoid bones in front of the sphenoid bones
15 Coronal Suture - Frontal, Parietal Sagittal Suture - Parietal, Parietal Lambdoid Suture - Parietal, Occipital
16 The facial skeleton: maxillary bone is the upper jaw zygomatic bones the cheek bones below each of the eyes Where the temporal bone and the zygomatic bone come together forms the zygomatic arch. nasal bones form the bridge of the nose vomer separates the nasal cavity into two parts inferior nasal conchae scroll-shaped bones inside the nose that provide a place for mucus membranes to attach mandible the lower jaw
17 vertebral column extends from the skull to the pelvis. Each separate bone in this column is called a vertebrae. The vertebrae are connected by ligaments and separated by intervertebral disks.
18 Sections of the Vertebral Column: 1) cervical make up the first 7 vertebrae Two special vertebrae: a) atlas supports and balances the head b) axis provides a place for the atlas to pivot 2) thoracic the next 12 vertebrae Have long spinous processes that angle downward. The thoracic vertebrae articulate with each rib.
19 3) lumbar last 5 vertebrae. They support the weight of the body. 4) sacrum lower section composed of five fused vertebrae 5) coccyx lowest part of the vertebral of four fused vertebrae
20 The Thoracic Cage: ribs there are 12 pair of ribs that protect inner organs The first 7 pair are true ribs. The last 5 pair of ribs are called false ribs. (the last 2 false ribs are called floating ribs.) sternum (breastbone) middle portion of the thoracic cage The lower part of the sternum is called the xiphoid process.
21 The Pectoral Girdle: pectoral girdle is composed of the two clavicle bones and the two scapula bones clavicle (collar bone) slender, rod-like bones with an elongated S shape scapula broad, triangular bones on each side of the upper back
22 Upper Limbs: The upper limbs are composed of the arms, wrists, palm, and the fingers. humerus bone of the upper arm that extends from the scapula to the elbow radius extends from the elbow to the wrist ulna overlaps the end of the humerus and also extends from the elbow to the wrist
23 hand is the wrist, palm and the fingers carpal bones are the eight bones of the wrist 1) pisiform 5) capitate 2) triangular 6) scaphoid 3) hamate 7) trapezoid 4) lunate 8) trapezium
24 metacarpal bones are the first bones in each of the fingers. These bones form the framework for the palm of the hand. phalanges are the bones of the fingers There are three sets of these bones in each of the fingers. 1) proximal closed to the wrist 2) middle between the proximal and distal phalanges 3) distal furthest from the wrist The thumbs only contain two phalanges. They lack the middle phalanges.
25 Pelvic Girdle: pelvic girdle consists of the two coxal bones which articulate with each other and the sacrum pelvis consists of the sacrum, coccyx and the pelvic girdle The coxal bone has three parts: 1) ilium is the largest, uppermost part of the coxal bones 2) ischium lower portion of the coxal bones which point backward and down 3) pubis front portion of the lower coxal bones
26 Where the two coxal bones come together in the front it forms a joint called the pubis symphysis. The angle at the front of pelvis where the two pubic bones join together is a major difference between males and females. The pubic angle of the female is greater than 90 degrees and the male is less than 90 degrees.
27 The Lower Limbs: femur the bone that extends from the hip to the knee. The Femur is the longest bone in the body. patella is located in a tendon on the front of the knee tibia is the larger of the two lower leg bones and is located on the medial side fibula long, slender boned located on the lateral side of the lower leg
28 Foot: foot consists of an ankle, an instep and five toes ankle is composed of 7 bones tarsals are the bones of the ankle 1) calcaneus 5) lateral cuneiform 2) talus 6) intermediate cuneiform 3) navicular 7) medial cuneiform 4) cuboid
29 metatarsals five elongated bones of the instep phalanges bones of the toes There are three sections: 1) proximal 2) middle 3) distal Just like the thumb, the big toe lack the middle phalanges
30 joints (articulations) functional junctions between bones Groups of Joints: immovable joints no movement between bones that come closely together example sutures of the skull slightly movable joints connected by disks of fibrocartilage or by ligaments example the bones of the vertebral column
31 freely movable joints are held together by fibrous tissue and are covered in cartilage example: shoulders, knees and hips Some joints have fluid-filled sacs between the bones which are called bursae. ligaments fibers that attach bone to bone. They make the joints stronger.
32 Types of Joints: 1) ball and socket joints ball-shaped head that articulates with a cup-shaped socket example hip and shoulder 2) condyloid joints oval shaped joint that fits into a cavity example between metacarples and phalanges 3) gliding joints nearly flat surfaces examples wrist and ankle
33 4) hinge joints convex surface of one fits into a concave surface of another bone example elbow, phalanges and knee 5) pivot joints rotates with ring on one bone example the radius and ulna 6) saddle joint have both concave and convex surfaces example thumb
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