Tissues. Tissues. Four basic tissues. A collection of cells with a common function. 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4.

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1 Tissues Tissues A collection of cells with a common function Four basic tissues 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous

2 Epithelia: cells in layers Types of epithelia 1) lining Layers of cells which line ducts and cavities 2) glandular* more on this in A&P II Collections of cells found within glands. Two types of glands. a) exocrine glands Secrete their into ducts; lead to the body surface and cavities Example: sweat and sebaceous glands b) endocrine glands Secrete into the blood or interstitial spaces (between cells.) Ductless glands Form the endocrine system

3 layers of epithelial cells One to many layers 1) simple Single layer 2) stratified Many stacked, layers 3) pseudostratified Single layer; looks like many cell shapes Variety of spaces; most common 1) squamous Flat, disc shaped cells

4 cell shapes 2) cuboidal Cube shaped cells; as tall as wide cell shapes 3) columnar Cylindrical shaped cells Taller than wide

5 cell shapes 4) transitional! Change shape; squamous to dome shaped and back. Lines structures where the volume changes occurs; urinary bladder Epithelia I) simple squamous!! Function: rapid diffusion; lungs. lines blood vessels; peritoneum; parts of kidneys.

6 Epithelia II) simple cuboidal Function: Slower diffusion. Processing and modification of the diffusing substance. Tubules of the kidneys. Epithelia III) simple columnar Function: Active transport and modification of materials. Lumen of the digestive tract to the blood.

7 Epithelia IV) stratified squamous!! Function: Protects against abrasion 1) nonkeratinized- mucous or wet! Location: oral cavity, rectum, vagina. Moist- lots of mucus for lubrication. 2) keratinized or dry- skin!!! Superficial layers are dead and squamous Filled with keratin; protein Acts as barrier to water and infection. Epithelia V) transitional- bladder! Layer can stretch with increase in urine volume

8 Epithelia VI) pseudostratified- respiratory All the cells begin on the basal side, few reach the surface; Ciliated. Respiratory tract- trachea, bronchial tubes, etc. Connective tissue (CT)! Function: to bind tissues together. Components: fibers, ground substance and cells 1)Fibers! Proteins provides strength Fibroblasts!! Cells that make fibers; also produce ground substance Collagen other types!! Very common in CT. Elastic fibers- stretchy. Reticular- forms a mesh.

9 2) Ground substance Medium in which fibers and cells are held. extracellular matrix= fibers + ground substance. Hyaluronic acid or HA Soft, flexible material; fresh Jello Large amounts in loose CT; smaller in dense CT Chondroitin sulfate More stiff, dryer; several day old Jello Cartilage.! Hydroxyapatite!! Very hard; rock-like. Bone. 3) Cells! Living component; makes fibers and the ground substance Fibroblast Cells that make collagen and elastic fibers Chondrocytes! Chondro= cartilage; cyte= cells; Cartilage cells Cells that make cartilage; chondroitin sulfate and fibers osteoblasts! Osteo= bone

10 Adult Fibers Ground substance Loose areolar Collagen-low fiber content Hyaluronic acid (HA) lots Cell type Fibroblasts Example Under the skin & other tissues Dense irregular Dense regular Collagen-high Random pattern Collagen-high parallel pattern HA less Fibroblasts Fasciae, periosteum perichondrium HA less Fibroblasts Ligaments and tendons Fasciae- sheets of CT fibers; between/under organs. Periosteum- sheet of fibrous CT; covers bones. Perichondrium- sheet of fibrous CT; covers cartilage. Adult Adipose Fibers Collagen-low fiber content HA low Ground substance Cell type Example Adipocytes lots Subcutaneous fat Reticular Reticularforms a mesh HA- moderate and varies Reticulocytes Liver, spleen and lymphatic Elastic Elasticstretchy HA- moderate Fibroblasts Elastic tissue of the lungs

11 Cartilage Hyaline Fibrous Fibers Collagen-low fiber content Ground substance Cell type Example Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) lots Chondrocytes in lacunae Collagen-high CS low Chondrocytes Ends of bones, tracheal rings, costal cartilage Intervertebral discs Meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis Elastic Elastic-high CS low Chondrocytes Pinna of the ear (external) Lacunae: a space within the matrix of CT Bone- osseous Connective tissue Fibers; collagen Osteocytes Cells of osseous tissue Make collagen and hydroxyapatite - hard ground substance Haversian system System of channels, spaces and cells. Next chapter

12 Membranes Comprised of... Epithelial membranes consist of 1-epithelium + For example squamous, columnar, etc. 2-basement membrane + A glue-like layer secreted by the epithelial cells. Binds the epithelium to the CT layer underneath 3-connective tissue! Such as loose areolar CT under the skin mucous membranes Secrete mucus. Columnar layer with goblet cells. Produce mucus Moisten and lubricate the epithelium. Examples: Mucus membranes of the digestive system.

13 serous membranes Produce serous fluid Protect and lubricate surfaces. Examples: serous membranes of pleural spaces pericardial space peritoneal space

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