Blood. Hematopoietic Tissue
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- Ethelbert Marsh
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1 Blood Hematopoietic Tissue Is a type of connective tissue in which its cells are suspended in a circulating fluid. Erythrocytes+ leukocytes + platelets (thrombocytes) =formed elements of blood. These formed elements are suspended in a liquid medium called plasma Hemopoiesis: The process of blood cell production. 1
2 Composition of whole blood Granular vs Agranular Leukocytes 2
3 Erythrocytes Erythrocytes: Carry and transport Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide; enucleated, biconcave disks filled with hemoglobin. Thrombocytes Thrombocytes (platelets): Involved in blood clotting to prevent blood loss; NOT blood cells, they are small fragments or remnants of megakaryocytes. 3
4 Both erythrocytes & platelets perform their major functions within the blood vessels. Neutrophils Neutrophils: Phagocytic Cells (destroy and ingest foreign substances) 4
5 Eosinophils Eosinophils: Are phagocytic cells with a particular affinity for antigen antibody complexes that are formed in tissues after allergic responses. Play a major role in destroying parasitic infestation Lymphocytes Lymphocytes: Essential for immunologic defense, e.g. (B lymphocytes), when stimulated by specific antigens, differentiate into plasma cells in the connective tissue and produce antibodies to destroy the invading organisms. 5
6 Monocytes Monocytes: tissue macrophages destroy bacteria, foreign matter, and cellular debris. 6
7 Basophils Basophils: Their granules contain histamine and heparin. Exposure to allergens results in release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate and intensify inflammatory responses. 7
8 Bone Marrow Red Bone marrow Pluripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cell: Stem cell type that can produce all blood cell types. 2 Types of Pluripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cells: Myeloid stem cells give rise to erythrocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and megakaryocytes. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to B Lymphocytes & T Lymphocytes 8
9 Bone Marrow Conversion (infancy-adulthood) Red vs. Yellow Bone Marrow 9
10 Red vs. Yellow Bone Marrow Cont d Red Bone Marrow: Provides a steady rate of blood cell renewal to replace those that are worn out or lost. Serves as the site where tissue macrophages engulf and phagocytose worn-out erythrocytes and store the iron recovered from the hemoglobin breakdown for the next generation of blood cells. Yellow Bone Marrow: Its main function is to store adipocytes whose triglycerides can serve as a source for energy. The marrow fat is physiologically different than the subcutaneous fat in the body, and is the last fat to be lost due to starvation. Red Bone Marrow Produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Gets its red color from the hemoglobin in the erythroid cells Hematopoietic cells mature and migrate into sinusoids to enter the circulation when they are formed Highly vascular Primarily found in the flat bones of the skull, sternum and ribs, vertebrae, and pelvic bones. 10
11 Yellow Bone Marrow Produces fat, cartilage, and bone Gets its yellow color from the carotenoids in the fat droplets in the High number of fat cells Paucity of vasculature Primarily the long bones in the lower and upper limbs of the body. Newly formed blood cells move from the stroma (connective tissue of organs) into the bloodstream by flowing through small capillaries 11
12 Orthochromatophilic Erythroblasts (Normoblasts) Most recognizable erythrocytic line are normoblasts with early stages exhibiting mitosis Mature normoblasts lose the ability to divide, extrude their highly condensed nuclei, and become eosinophilic erythrocytes 12
13 Megakaryocytes megakaryocytes, the largest cells in the bone marrow. Platelets are produced when small portions of cytoplasm separate or fragment from peripheries of the megakaryocytes and extruded into the bloodstream. Platelet Formation 13
14 Skeletal Tissue: Cartilage & Bone Nonvascular and pliable, yet strong. Its material composed of proteoglycan matrix. Embedded in the matrix are the fibrous and cellular components of cartilage. Cartilage 14
15 Cartilage Cells Chondroblasts: produce cartilage and become mature chondrocytes Chodrocytes: are contained in lacunae and surrounded by matrix Matrix collagen fibers & proteoglycans Cartilage Composition Perichondrium: Surrounds the cartilage; outer layer (fibroblasts) & inner layer (chondroblasts) 15
16 Perichondrium Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage. Fibrocartilage and articular cartilage both lack perichondrium. Perichondrium is a type of irregular collagenous ordinary connective tissue, and also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage Most common type. In embryos serves as a skeletal model for most bones. In developing bones of young individuals, hyaline cartilage persists in the epiphyseal plates, where its presence allows the bones to grow in length. Hyaline Cartilage In adults, only found in the articular surfaces of bones, ends of ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, and in bronchi. Trachea 16
17 Elastic Cartilage Contains numerous branching elastic fibers within its matrix. Elastic cartilage is highly flexible and occurs in the external ear, walls of the auditory tube, epiglottis, and larynx. 17
18 Fibrocartilage Characterized by large amounts of irregular and dense bundles of coarse collagen fibers in its matrix. Consists of alternating layers of cartilage matrix and thick, strong, and dense layers of type I collagen (high tensile strength) fibers. The collagen fibers normally orient themselves in the direction of functional stress. The least common type, primarily found in the intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis, and certain joints. 18
19 Fibrocartilage 19
20 Articular Cartilage The shock-absorbing properties of the joint are due primarily to the articular cartilage and the thin cushion of fluid that fills the space between the bones. Here, a layer of permanent hyaline cartilage covers the bone and is called the articular cartilage. Bone A special form of connective tissue that consists of cells, connective tissue fibers, and extracellular matrix. Mineral deposits produce the hardened structure Act as reservoir of calcium (99% of Ca stored in bones) and mineral Involved in hemopoiesis 2 Types: Spongy (cancellous) bone & Compact bone 20
21 Bone Cells Osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood (when calcium levels get low in the body). Bone Structure 21
22 Endochondral Ossification: During individual growth, the fetal cartilage model is gradually replaced with bone. Endochondral Ossification cont d This method of ossification allows the model to grow in length and width. Mesenchymal cells proliferate and differentiate into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model for the future bone. Growth of length of Long bones & natural healing of bone fractures. 22
23 Intramembranous ossification is the embryonic development of flat bones from a mesenchyme. mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue). Not preceded by a hyaline cartilage Mandible, maxilla, clavicles, and most of the flat bones of the skull are formed by the intramembranous method. 23
24 Cancellous bone, also called trabecular bone or spongy bone 24
25 Compact bone Periosteum: A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. 25
26 Compact Bone Structure The structural units of a compact bone matrix are the osteons (Haversian systems) Lamellae are thin plates of bone that contain osteocytes in almond-shaped spaces called lacunae. Canaliculi are tiny canals radiating from each lacuna in all directions Volkmann canals Are perforating canals that provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons. Transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian canals. 26
27 27
28 Quiz # 3 next week 09/24 on this lecture & Assignment #2 due to be handed in at the BEGINNING of class Assignment #2 28
29 1. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow 2. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow _ 29
30 3. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow 4. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow 30
31 5. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow 6. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow 31
32 7. Name the type of formed element indicated by the arrow 8. Name the cell type indicated by the arrow and state its function 32
33 9. Name the cell type indicated by the arrow and state what cell type it gives rise to 10. Identify the tissue type _ 33
34 11. Identify the tissue type _ 12. Identify the tissue type 34
35 13. Indicate the type of ossification 14. Indicate the type of ossification 35
36 15. Identify the tissue type 16. Name the structure indicated by the: wide arrow thin arrow 36
37 17. Identify the tissue type 18. Name the structure indicated by the arrow 37
38 19. Name the structure indicated by the arrow 20. Name the structure indicated by the arrows 38
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